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Investigation of Surface Nanostructuring, Mechanical Performance and Deformation Mechanisms of AISI 316L Stainless Steel Treated by Surface Mechanical Impact Treatment

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Abstract

Nanostructured materials exhibit superior properties with respect to their bulk counterpart. Recently, a new processing method for surface nanostructuring of metallic materials called surface mechanical impact treatment (SMIT) was developed. In this study, the surface microstructural features due to the refinement process of AISI 316L stainless steel by means of SMIT and subsequent mechanical performance were investigated. The effects of SMIT processing parameters, i.e. ball size and treatment duration, were studied in terms of microstructural evolutions using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, optical microscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy analyses, and mechanical properties through hardness and tensile tests. A gradient nanostructured surface layer was successfully formed on the surface of the treated samples. The mean grain size was measured to be ~ 20 nm in the topmost surface layer and increased with increasing depth. Microstructural examinations showed that the twins and their intersections (rhombic blocks) formed in the surface layers. It was found that the mechanical performance of the treated samples is effectively enhanced. The surface hardness of the treated samples increased about 3 times while the yield strength of the samples increased with increasing SMIT time and size of the ball up to 2.5 times. The grain refinement mechanisms, mechanical properties, and fracture behavior were subsequently analyzed and discussed.

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Abbreviations

A:

Zener anisotropy

b:

Burgers vector

C:

Elastic stiffness coefficient

D:

Grain size

d:

Diameter of the ball

G:

Shear modulus

I:

Intensity

K111ω0 :

Proportionality constant

fα ' :

Volume fraction of α′-martensite

R:

Reliability factor

t:

Time

α:

Stacking fault probability

α0 :

Unit cell edge dimension

ץ:

Stacking fault energy

ρ:

Dislocation density

ε:

Lattice microstrain

AISI:

American Iron and Steel Institute

DIM:

Deformation induced martensite

FESEM:

Field emission scanning electron microscopy

FCC:

Face centered cubic

HCP:

Hexagonal closest packed

OM:

Optical microscopy

SAED:

Selected area electron diffraction

SF:

Stacking fault

SFE:

Stacking fault energy

SFP:

Stacking fault probability

SFT:

Stacking fault tetrahedra

SMAT:

Surface mechanical attrition treatment

SMGT:

Surface mechanical grinding treatment

SMIT:

Surface mechanical impact treatment

SMRT:

Surface mechanical rolling treatment

SPD:

Severe plastic deformation

TEM:

Transmission electron microscopy

TRIP:

Transformation induced plasticity

UIP:

Ultrasonic impact peening

UIT:

Ultrasonic impact treatment

XRD:

X-ray diffraction

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to extend their deepest gratitude to Dr. Farhad Farzan for assisting in the design and manufacturing of the SMIT setup.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Materials Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box, Tehran, 14115-143, Iran

    Milad Rostami & Reza Miresmaeili

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico Di Milano, 20156, Milan, Italy

    Asghar Heydari Astaraee

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Rostami, M., Miresmaeili, R. & Heydari Astaraee, A. Investigation of Surface Nanostructuring, Mechanical Performance and Deformation Mechanisms of AISI 316L Stainless Steel Treated by Surface Mechanical Impact Treatment. Met. Mater. Int. 29, 948–967 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-022-01286-6

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