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Diversity of gelatinous zooplankton (Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Chaetognatha and Tunicata) from a subtropical estuarine system, southeast Brazil

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Abstract

We surveyed the gelatinous zooplankton (Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Chaetognatha, Tunicata) fauna from the Cananeia-Iguape Coastal System (CICS; São Paulo, Brazil; ~ 25°S). This area includes a natural reserve formed by the Atlantic Rain Forest and mangroves, having a high biological productivity and being recognized as a wildlife sanctuary. We analyzed 164 plankton samples collected between January 2012 and January 2013, along with visual records of living and stranded large (>2 cm) gelatinous zooplankton. More than 29,000 organisms were studied, which combined with literature totaled 16 orders, 40 families and 56 species: two cubomedusae, five scyphomedusae, two siphonophores, 34 hydromedusae, two ctenophores, five chaetognaths, three appendicularians and three thaliaceans. Twenty-seven species are new records for the CICS, six species for the state of São Paulo, and Tiaricodon sp. is newly recorded for the Brazilian coast and is described in details. Most of the species from CICS (37 spp.; 66%) are meroplanktonic, whereas the most abundant taxa are holoplanktonic (>95% of all gelatinous). Meroplanktonic taxa tended to be more species rich in brackish-waters (salinity 20–30) with most species occurring in one or two seasons, particularly during summer and/or autumn, while holoplanktonic species tended to occur throughout the year, and to be more species-rich in more saline waters (>30). These observations indicate different strategies of estuarine occupation driven by life cycle. Our results underscore the high diversity of meroplanktonic gelatinous organisms from subtropical estuaries and emphasize the need for comprehensive sampling surveys in such ecosystems, which are mostly understudied worldwide.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the staff of the station Dr. João de Paiva Carvalho (IO-USP), the undergrad students of the Class 10 of the Oceanography program (São Paulo University) and Márcio Ohkawara for their invaluable help during samplings. Sílvia A. Gonzales kindly provided the samples from March 12, 2012. Dras. Monica Petti and Maria L. Flaquer and all the staff of the Biological Collection Prof. E.F. Nonato for allowing us to use their facilities.

Funding

MNJ (grant 2011/09880-8), BSPC and FPB (project 2011/21290-1) were supported by the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), and LKM by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, grants 142203/2010-6, 142050/2012-1 and 245466/2012-6).

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  1. Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Cidade Universitária, João Pessoa, PB, 58051-900, Brazil

    Miodeli Nogueira Júnior

  2. Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico 191, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-120, Brazil

    Bárbara Santos Pulze da Costa, Tulia Aguilar Martinez, Frederico Pereira Brandini & Leonardo Kenji Miyashita

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Correspondence to Miodeli Nogueira Júnior.

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Nogueira Júnior, M., da Costa, B.S.P., Martinez, T.A. et al. Diversity of gelatinous zooplankton (Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Chaetognatha and Tunicata) from a subtropical estuarine system, southeast Brazil. Mar Biodiv 49, 1283–1298 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-018-0912-7

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