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Metal flow in the late Bronze Age across the Friuli-Venezia Giulia plain (Italy): new insights on Cervignano and Muscoli hoards by chemical and isotopic investigations

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Abstract

Numerous metal hoards found in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia plain, Northeastern Italy, are archaeologically dated to the Recent and Final Bronze Age. Here, the results of an archaeometric study of the copper-alloy artifacts and ingots from two such hoards (Cervignano del Friuli and Muscoli, Udine) are presented. The mineralogical, metallographic, and chemical analyses of the copper objects indicate that the metallurgical process employed copper derived almost exclusively from chalcopyrite (±sphalerite, galena) as ore charge. Distinct typologies of ingots (plano-convex and parallel-surfaces) are characterized by different degrees of metal refining. Tools and weapons are made of carefully refined and compositionally controlled bronze alloys, containing specific proportions of tin. These observations point out a high level of technological knowledge in metallic copper extraction and use. The chemical and lead isotope compositions of most analyzed ingots and artifacts suggest exploitation of copper deposits from the Southeastern Alps, including deposits from the Valsugana area and other mining districts of the Trentino-Alto Adige region. One peculiar sample characterized by a significant Sb content suggests possible mixing with “local” fahlerz copper from Carnia and one other ingot, showing a highly radiogenic lead isotope composition may be interpreted as copper from southern Tuscany or as a mixed metal incorporating a small quantity of copper from northerly Alpine sources such as Mitterberg.

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Acknowledgements

The project benefited from the collaboration with the Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio of Friuli-Venezia Giulia and with the Museo Archeologico Nazionale of Aquileia. In particular, we are grateful to Dr. Roberto Michieli who kindly made the materials available for this study. We wish to thank in particular Dr. Paola Ventura, director of the Museum of Aquileia, and Daniele Pasini for the technical support received during the sampling step. We are also thankful to I.M. Villa for his help and support during isotopic analysis.

Funding

The authors acknowledge financial support by Progetto di Ateneo 2013 CPDA138741 “Copper metallogenesis and provenancing in the Alpine realm” (University of Padua).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geosciences, University of Padova, Via Gradenigo 6, 35131, Padova, Italy

    Caterina Canovaro, Gilberto Artioli & Paolo Nimis

  2. INSTM, Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali, Firenze, Italy

    Caterina Canovaro, Ivana Angelini & Gilberto Artioli

  3. Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Padova, Piazza Capitaniato 7, 35139, Padova, Italy

    Ivana Angelini

  4. Department of Humanities and Cultural Heritage, University of Udine, Vicolo Florio 2/B, 33100, Udine, Italy

    Elisabetta Borgna

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  1. Caterina Canovaro
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Canovaro, C., Angelini, I., Artioli, G. et al. Metal flow in the late Bronze Age across the Friuli-Venezia Giulia plain (Italy): new insights on Cervignano and Muscoli hoards by chemical and isotopic investigations. Archaeol Anthropol Sci 11, 4829–4846 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-019-00827-2

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