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On the making, mixing and trading of glass from the Roman military fort at Oudenburg (Belgium)

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Abstract

This paper presents the analysis of decoloured and naturally coloured glass from well-dated contexts in the southwest corner of the Roman fort at Oudenburg (Belgium) ranging from the late second to the early fifth century AD. The aim is three-fold. First, provide comparative material in the study of glass consumption from the northwestern provinces of the Roman Empire. Secondly, evaluate possible diachronic shifts in the applied decolourizing agent to produce colourless glass as to assess potential correlations between glass production recipes, provenance and chrono-typology. Finally, provide an added value to the research of glass recycling and mixing in the Roman imperial period. Nine subgroups are distinguished based on their chemical composition determined by LA-ICP-MS: Sb-only, two groups of Mn-only, four groups of mixed Mn-Sb, HIMT and one glass without any decolouring agent. The Sb-decoloured glass is used in the earliest phases and can be attributed to an Egyptian provenance. The two subgroups of Mn-glass likely come from different provenances: one from Egypt and the other later one from the Levant. Most of the glass shows high marks of mixing based on high trace elements concentrations and the simultaneous presence of antimony and manganese. Inhomogeneous mixing of manganese and antimony was also detected through μXRF. One Mn-Sb subgroup likely comes from mixing antimony glass with HIMT. The obtained results help better recognise the shifts in applied glass recipes throughout the Roman imperial period and improve our understanding about the mixing and recycling of glass to supply a Roman military camp.

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by a PhD fellowship by the Research Foundation - Flanders (Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, FWO), grant number 11Z8417N. We are very thankful to Sofie Vanhoutte from Agentschap Onroerend Erfgoed, Brussels, Belgium for providing the material and to Bart Lippens for polishing the samples.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering, SURF Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 2 Pleinlaan, 1050, Brussels, Belgium

    Anne-Isabelle Bidegaray & Herman Terryn

  2. Materials Engineering, Characterization, Processing and Recycling, 4MAT, Université libre de Bruxelles, 50 Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, CP165/63, 1050, Brussels, Belgium

    Anne-Isabelle Bidegaray & Stéphane Godet

  3. Department of Art Sciences and Archaeology, MARI Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium

    Anne-Isabelle Bidegaray, Peter Cosyns & Karin Nys

  4. IRAMAT-Centre Ernest-Babelon, UMR 5060, CNRS/Université d’Orléans, 3D rue de la Ferollerie, 45071, Orléans Cedex 2, France

    Bernard Gratuze

  5. Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Brussels Photonics Team B-PHOT, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 2 Pleinlaan, 1050, Brussels, Belgium

    Andrea Ceglia

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  1. Anne-Isabelle Bidegaray
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Bidegaray, AI., Cosyns, P., Gratuze, B. et al. On the making, mixing and trading of glass from the Roman military fort at Oudenburg (Belgium). Archaeol Anthropol Sci 11, 2385–2405 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-018-0680-0

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