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Mapping the quality of prenatal and postnatal care and demographic differences on child mortality in 26 low to middle-income countries

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Abstract

Background

Closing the gap between child mortality in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and high-income countries is a priority set by the WHO in sustainable development goals (SDGs). We aimed to examine poor nutrition and prenatal and postnatal care that could increase the risk of child mortality in LMICs.

Methods

The Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) was used to examine data from 26 countries to compare prenatal, postnatal, nutritional, and demographic factors across LMICs. Outcome of child death was classified into death before one month of age, between 1 to 11 months, between one to two years, between three to five years, and overall death before five years. Chi-square analyses identified differences in prenatal care, postnatal care, nutrition, and demographic factors between children who died and those who survived. Logistic regression identified factors that increased child mortality risk.

Results

The majority of deaths occurred before the ages of one month and one year. Considerably poorer quality of prenatal care, postnatal care, and nutrition were found in low-income and low-middle-income countries in the contemporary 2020s. High child mortality and poor quality of prenatal and postnatal care coincide with low income. Children in LMICs were exposed to less vitamin A-rich foods than children in higher-middle-income countries. The use of intestinal parasite drugs and the absence of postpartum maternal vitamin A supplementation significantly increased child mortality risk. Significant socio-demographic risk factors were associated with an increased mortality rate in children, including lack of education, maternal marital status, family wealth index, living rurally, and financial problems hindering access to healthcare.

Conclusions

Poor nutrition remains a vital factor across all LMICs, with numerous children being exposed to foods low in iron and vitamin A. Significantly, most deaths occur in neonates and infants, indicating an urgent need to address risk factors associated with early child death.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

Dataset analysed in this study was collected by the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) program.

Funding

No funding was obtained for this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Parkland Drive, Gold Coast, QLD, 4215, Australia

    Kelly Lin, Serena Chern & Jing Sun

  2. Institute for Integrated and Intelligent Systems, Griffith University, Gold Coast, 4222, Australia

    Jing Sun

  3. Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia

    Jing Sun

Authors
  1. Kelly Lin
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  2. Serena Chern
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  3. Jing Sun
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Contributions

LK: conceptualization, formal analysis, writing–original draft. CS: visualization, writing–original draft. SJ: supervision, writing–review and editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jing Sun.

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No financial or non-financial benefits have been received or will be received from any party related directly or indirectly to the subject of this article.

Ethical approval

Open dataset from the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) was used, permission was provided to the principal supervisor and all collaborators for use, so no ethics application was required.

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Lin, K., Chern, S. & Sun, J. Mapping the quality of prenatal and postnatal care and demographic differences on child mortality in 26 low to middle-income countries. World J Pediatr 19, 835–850 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-022-00668-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-022-00668-5

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