Abstract
Programmed cell death is a key component of tissue homeostasis, normal development and wide variety of diseases. Conventional view refers to programmed cell death form as caspase-mediated apoptosis while necrosis is considered as an accidental and unwanted cell demise, carried out in a non-regulated manner and caused by extreme conditions. However, accumulating evidences indicate that necrotic cell death can also be a regulated process. The term necroptosis has been introduced to describe a cell death receptor-induced, caspase-independent, highly regulated type of programmed cell death process with morphological resemblance of necrosis. Necroptosis recently has been found to contribute to a wide range of pathologic cell death forms including ischemic brain injury, neurodegenerative diseases and viral infection, therefore a better understanding of the necroptotic signaling machinery has clinical relevance.
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Abbreviations
- PCD:
-
Programmed cell death
- LC3:
-
Microtubule-associated protein light chain 3
- CICD:
-
Caspase-independent cell death
- FasL:
-
(also known CD95L) Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6
- Fas receptor:
-
(also known CD95 receptor) Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6
- TNFα:
-
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, tumor necrosis factor
- RIPK1:
-
(also known RIP1) Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1, receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1
- TRAIL:
-
(also known Apo-2L) Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 10
- Nec-1:
-
Necrostatin-1
- TNF-R1:
-
Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A
- TNF-R2:
-
Tumor necrosis factor receptor 2, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1B
- TRAIL-R1:
-
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 1, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10A
- TRAIL-R2:
-
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 2, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10B
- TRADD:
-
TNFα receptor-associated death domain protein, tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1-associated death domain protein
- TRAF2:
-
TNFα receptor-associated factor 2, TNF receptor-associated factor 2
- TRAF5:
-
TNFα receptor-associated factor 5, TNF receptor-associated factor 5
- IAP-1:
-
Inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1, baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 3
- IAP-2:
-
Inhibitor of apoptosis protein 2, baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 2
- NEMO:
-
NF-kappa-B essential modulator
- IKK:
-
IκB kinase
- TAK1:
-
Transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1
- TAB2:
-
TAK1 binding protein 2
- NFkB:
-
Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B
- FADD:
-
Fas-associated death domain protein
- RIPK3:
-
(also known RIP3) Receptor-interacting protein kinase 3, receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 3
- DISC:
-
Death-inducing signaling complex
- CYLD:
-
Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase
- RHIM:
-
RIP homotypic interaction motif
- PYGL:
-
Glycogen phosphorylase
- GLUL:
-
Glutamine synthetase
- GLUD1:
-
Glutamate dehydrogenase 1
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- NOX-1:
-
NADPH oxidase 1
- BHA:
-
Butylated hydroxyanisole
- ANT:
-
Adenine nucleotide translocator, ADP/ATP translocase
- CYPD:
-
Cyclophilin D
- mPTP:
-
Mitochondrial permeability transition pore
- ATP:
-
Adenosine triphosphate
- APAF1:
-
Apoptotic protease-activating factor 1
- BAK:
-
Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer
- BAX:
-
Bcl-2-like protein 4
- DIF-1:
-
Differentiation-inducing factor
- atg1:
-
Autophagy related 1 homolog gene
- zVAD.fmk:
-
Carbobenzoxy-valyl-alanyl-aspartyl-[O-methyl]- fluoromethylketone
- NK cell:
-
Natural killer cell
- CCI:
-
Controlled cortical impact
- TBI:
-
Traumatic brain injury
- NMDA:
-
N-Methyl-D-aspartate
- LDH:
-
Lactate dehydrogenase
- GSH:
-
Glutathione
- AIF:
-
Apoptosis-inducing factor
- PAR:
-
poly(ADP-ribose)chain
- AA:
-
Arachidonic acid
- LOX:
-
Lypoxigenase
- JNK:
-
c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1, mitogen-activated protein kinase 8
- NO:
-
Nitric oxide
- MnSOD:
-
Superoxide dismutase [Mn]
- ACAT:
-
Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase
- CHOP:
-
C/EBP homologous protein
- cFLIP:
-
Cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein, CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator
- MDR-ABC:
-
Multi-drug resistant ATP binding cassette
- AML:
-
Acute myeloid leukemia
- GM-CSF:
-
Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor
- CAD:
-
Caspase-activated DNAse
- ICAD:
-
Inhibitor of CAD
- DED:
-
Death effector domain
- cFLIP:
-
Cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein
- ROCK1:
-
Rho-associated protein kinase 1
- RAIDD:
-
Receptor-interacting protein-associated ICH-1/CED-3 homologous protein with a DD
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This work was supported by grant ETT 016/2008 for PIB.
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Dunai, Z., Bauer, P.I. & Mihalik, R. Necroptosis: Biochemical, Physiological and Pathological Aspects. Pathol. Oncol. Res. 17, 791–800 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12253-011-9433-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12253-011-9433-4