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Archaeological Evidence of the Cultural Importance of Agave spp. in Pre-Hispanic Colima, Mexico

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Abstract

Archaeological Evidence of the Cultural Importance of Agave spp . in Pre-Hispanic Colima, Mexico. Production of agave-based food and fermented alcoholic beverages was highly relevant culturally and socially in pre-European contact western Mesoamerica. It has been hypothesized that agave distillation in western Mexico began in Colima in the early Colonial Era through adaptation of introduced Filipino techniques. Archaeological evidence is presented confirming the cultural and social significance of agave in Colima before contact, one of the fundamental conditions supporting this hypothesis. An analysis of circular subterranean stone structures in residential and ceremonial contexts (Classic and Postclassic periods: 200–1500 common era [CE]), and a comparison with stone ovens currently used to cook agave for the creation of spirits, indicate these structures were probably used for preparing food, including agave. Analysis of funerary ceramic vessel offerings with agave images (Colima phase: 400–600 CE) are reported for the first time. Their characteristics, and those of the associated burials and tombs, suggest those buried were agave growers or alcoholic beverage producers who fulfilled relevant roles in the society. Most of the agave images probably represent Agave angustifolia Lem and its cultivation. During the Colonial Era, the cultural and social relevance of agaves almost disappeared in Colima, possibly due to drastic reductions in the native human population, changing land use practices, and prohibitions against the production and sale of native alcoholic beverages.

Abstract

Evidencias Arqueológicas de la Importancia Cultural de Agave spp. en la Colima Pre-Hispánica, México. En el occidente de la Mesoamérica prehispánica, se elaboraban alimentos y bebidas alcohólicas fermentadas de agave con alta relevancia cultural y social. Se ha hipotetizado que en el occidente de México la destilación de agave se originó en Colima en la época Colonial temprana a través de la adaptación de las técnicas introducidas de Filipinas. Se presentan evidencias arqueológicas que confirman la importancia cultural y social de los agaves en Colima en la época precolombina, uno de los fundamentos de esta hipótesis. El análisis de estructuras circulares de piedra en contextos residenciales y ceremoniales (Clásico y Post-clásico: 200-1500 d.C.) y su comparación con hornos de piedra actualmente usados para cocer agaves para elaborar bebidas destiladas, indica que estas estructuras fueron probablemente usadas para preparar alimentos, incluyendo agaves. Se reportan por primera vez ofrendas funerarias de vasijas de cerámica con representaciones de agaves (Fase Colima: 400–600 d.C.). Sus características, y las de los entierros y tumbas asociados, sugieren que los personajes enterrados eran probablemente productores de agaves o de bebidas alcohólicas que tenían un papel relevante en la sociedad. La mayoría de las imágenes de agave son probablemente representaciones de Agave angustifolia Lem. y su cultivo. La relevancia cultural y social de los agaves en Colima decreció en la época Colonial hasta casi desaparecer, debido posiblemente al severo decremento de la población nativa, los cambios en las prácticas agrícolas, y las prohibiciones de elaborar y comercializar las bebidas alcohólicas nativas.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank P. Gepts for his hospitality at UC-Davis during a sabbatical for DZV and PCGM and the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) fot the sabbatical scholarship.

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Correspondence to Patricia Colunga-GarcíaMarín.

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Dedicated to Isabel Kelly in honor of her contributions to the understanding of cultural development in western Mexico and Colima in particular.

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Zizumbo-Villarreal, D., González-Zozaya, F., Olay-Barrientos, A. et al. Archaeological Evidence of the Cultural Importance of Agave spp. in Pre-Hispanic Colima, Mexico. Econ Bot 63, 288–302 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-009-9092-5

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