Abstract
The main objective of this study is to predict the stiffness of GFRP pipes subjected to compressive transverse loading. An experimental study is performed to measure the stiffness of a composite pipe with a core layer of sand/resin composites. Then, a simple analytical modeling constructed on the basis of solid mechanics is used to estimate the stiffness of the investigated pipe as the back-of-envelope technique widely used by industrial sectors. The simulation of stiffness test is conducted using finite element modeling wherein both large deformation and inelastic behavior of material is taken into account as the sources of nonlinearity. The results reveal that a very good estimation with high level of accuracy can be reached by proper selection of the element and performing nonlinear analysis.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
ASTM D 3171–06 (2006). Standard test methods for constituent contents of composite materials, American Society for Testing and Materials.
ASTM D2412-02 (2002). Standard Test Method for Determination of External Loading Characteristics of Plastic Pipe by Parallel-Plate Loading, American Society for Testing and Materials.
ASTM D2517-00 (2000). Standard Specification for Reinforced Epoxy Resin Gas Pressure Pipe and Fittings, American Society for Testing and Materials.
ASTM D3517-06 (2006). Standard Specification for “Fiberglass” (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pressure Pipe, American Society for Testing and Materials.
AWWA manual M45 (2005). Fiberglass pipe design (second edition), Denver, American Water Works Association.
Bakaiyan, H., Hosseini, H., and Ameri, E. (2009). “Analysis of multilayered filament-wound composite pipes under combined internal pressure and thermomechanical loading with thermal variations.” Composite Structures, Vol. 88, No. 4, pp. 532–541, DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2008.05.017.
Bouhafs, M., Sereir, Z., and Chateauneuf, A. (2012). “Probabilistic analysis of the mechanical response of thick composite pipes under internal pressure.” International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, Vol. 95, pp. 7–15, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpvp.2012.05.001.
Curtis, J., Hinton, M. J., Li, S., Reid, S. R., and Soden, P. D. (2000). “Damage, deformation and residual burst strength of filamentwound composite tubes subjected to impact or quasi-static indentation.” Composites: Part B, Vol. 31, No. 5, pp. 419–433, DOI: 10.1016/S1359-8368(00)00014-7.
Deniz, M. E., Karakuzu, R., and Sari, M. (2012). “On the residual compressive strength of the glass–epoxy tubes subjected to transverse impact loading.” Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 46, No. 6, pp. 737–745, DOI: 10.1177/0021998311410483.
Deniz, M. E., Ozen, M., Ozdemir, O., Karakuzu, R., and Icten, B. M. (2013). “Environmental effect on fatigue life of glass–epoxy composite pipes subjected to impact loading.” Composites: Part B, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 304–312, DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.05.001.
Faria, H. (2005). Failure analysis of GRP pipes under compressive ring loads, M.Sc. Thesis, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto.
Farshad, M. (2004). “Strain corrosion of glass-fiber reinforced plastic pipes.” Polymer Testing, Vol. 23, No. 5, pp. 517–521, DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2003.12.003.
Farshad, M. and Necola, A. (2004). “Effect of aqueous environment on the long-term behavior of glass fiber-reinforced plastic pipes.” Polymer Testing, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 163–167, DOI: 10.1016/S0142-9418(03)00075-8.
Gibson, R. F. (2007). Principles of composite material mechanics (2nd ed.), CRC Press.
Gning, P. B., Tarfaoui, M., Collombet, F., Riou, L., and Davies, P. (2005). “Damage development in thick composite tubes under impact loading and influence on implosion pressure: Experimental observations.” Composites: Part B, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 306–318, DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2004.11.004.
Guedes, R. M. (2006). “Stress analysis of transverse loading for laminated cylindrical composite pipes: An approximated 2-D elasticity solution.” Composites Science and Technology, Vol. 66, Nos. 3–4, pp. 427–434, DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.07.018.
Guedes, R. M. (2009). “Stress-strain analysis of a cylindrical pipe subjected to a transverse load and large deflection.” Composites Structures, Vol. 88, No. 2, pp. 188–194, DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2008.03.031.
Hawa, A., Abdul Majid, M. S., Afendi, M., Marzuki, H. F. A., Amin, N. A. M., Mat, F., and Gibson, A. G. (2016). “Burst strength and impact behaviour of hydrothermally aged glass fibre/epoxy composite pipes.” Materials and Design, Vol. 89, pp. 455–464, DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2015.09.082.
Kara, M., Uyaner, M., Avci, A., and Akdemir, A. (2014). “Effect of nonpenetrating impact damages of pre-stressed GRP tubes at low velocities on the burst strength.” Composites Part B, Vol. 60, pp. 507–514, DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.01.003.
Martins, L. A. L., Bastian, F. L., and Netto, T. A. (2012). “Structural and functional failure pressure of filament wound composite tubes.” Materials and Design, Vol. 36, pp. 779–787, DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2011.11.029.
Meijer, G. and Ellyin, F. (2009). “A failure envelope for ±60º filament wound glass fiber reinforced epoxy tubular.” Composites Part A, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 555–564, DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2007.11.002.
Melo, J. D. D., Neto, F. L., Barros, G. A., and Masquita, F. N. A. (2010). “Mechanical behavior of GRP pressure pipes with addition of quarts sand filler.” Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 45, No. 6, pp. 717–726, DOI: 10.1177/0021998310385593.
Mertiny, P. (2012). “Leakage failure in fibre-reinforced polymer composite tubular vessels at elevated temperature.” Polymer Testing, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 25–30, DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2011.09.003.
Mital, S. K. (1996). Micromechanics for particulate reinforced composites, NASA technical memorandum 107276.
Rafiee, R. (2016). “On the mechanical performance of glass-fibrereinforced thermosetting-resin pipes: A review.” Composite Structures, Vol. 143, pp. 151–164, DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.02.037.
Rafiee, R. (2017). “Stochastic fatigue analysis of glass fiber reinforced polymer pipes.” Composite Structures, Vol. 167, pp. 96–102, DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.01.068.
Rafiee, R. and Amini, A. (2015). “Modeling and experimental evaluation of functional failure pressures in glass fiber reinforced polyester pipes.” Computational Materials Science, Vol. 96, Part B, pp. 579–588, DOI: 10.1016/j.commatsci.2014.03.036.
Rafiee, R. and Elasmi, F. (2017). “Theoretical modeling of fatigue phenomenon in composites pipes.” Composite Structures, Vol. 161, pp. 256–263, DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.11.054.
Rafiee, R. and Mazhari, B. (2015). “Modeling creep in polymeric composites: Developing a general integrated procedure.” International Journal of Mechanical Science, Vol. 99, pp. 112–120, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2015.05.011.
Rafiee, R. and Mazhari, B. (2016). “Evaluating the longterm performance of Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic pipes subjected to internal pressure.” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 122, pp. 694–701, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.06.103.
Rafiee, R. and Reshadi, F. (2014). “Simulation of functional failure in GRP mortar pipes.” Composite Structures, Vol. 113, pp. 155–163, DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2014.03.024.
Rafiee, R., Fakoor, M., and Hesamsadat, H. (2015). “The influence of production inconsistencies on the functional failure of GRP pipes.” Steel and Composite Structures, Vol. 19, No. 6, pp. 1369–1379, DOI: 10.12989/scs.2015.19.6.1369.
Rafiee, R., Reshadi, F., and Eidi, S. (2015). “Stochastic analysis of functional failure pressure in glass fiber reinforced polyester pipes.” Materials and Design, Vol. 67, pp. 422–427, DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2014.12.003.
Samanci, A., Tarakcioglu, N., and Akdemir, A. (2011). “Fatigue failure analysis of surface-cracked (±45º)3 filament-wound GRP pipes under internal pressure.” Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 46, No. 9, pp. 1041–1050, DOI: 10.1177/0021998311414945.
Sari, M., Karakuzu, R., Deniz, M. E., and Icten, B. M. (2011). “Residual failure pressures and fatigue life of filament-wound composite pipes subjected to lateral impact.” Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 46, No. 15, pp. 1787–1794, DOI: 10.1177/0021998311425717.
Tarakcioglu, N., Samanci, A., Arikan, H., and Akdemir, A. (2007). “The fatigue behavior of (±55°)3 filament wound GRP pipes with a surface crack under internal pressure.” Composite Structures, Vol. 80, No. 2, pp. 207–211, DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2006.05.015.
Tarfaoui, M., Gning, P. B., Davies, P., and Collombet, F. (2007). “Scale and size effects on dynamic response and damage of glass/epoxy tubular structures.” Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 41, pp. 547–558, DOI: 10.1177/0021998306065287.
Tsai, S. W., Hoa, S. V., and Gay, D. (2003). Composite materials, design and applications, CRC Press.
Tse, P. C., Reid, S. R., and Ng, S. P. (2001). “Spring constants of filament-wound composite circular rings. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers.” Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, Vol. 215, No. 2, pp. 211–226, DOI: 10.1243/0954406011520634.
Watkins, R. K. and Anderson, L. R. (2000). Structural mechanics of buried pipes, CRC Press LLC.
Xia, M., Takayanagi, H., and Kemmochi, K. (2001a). “Analysis of multi-layered filament wound composite pipes under internal pressure.” Composite Structures, Vol. 53, pp. 483–491, DOI: 10.1016/S0263-8223(01)00061-7.
Xia, M., Takayanagi, H., and Kemmochi, K. (2001b). “Analysis of filament-wound fiber reinforced sandwich pipe under combined internal pressure and thermomechanical loading.” Composite Structure, Vol. 51, pp. 273–83, DOI: 10.1016/S0263-8223(00)00137-9.
Xia, M., Takayanagi, H., and Kemmochi, K. (2001c). “Analysis of transverse loading for laminated cylindrical pipes.” Composite Structures, Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 279–285, DOI: 10.1016/S0263-8223 (01)00011-3.
Xing, J., Geng, P., and Yang, T. (2015). “Stress and deformation of multiple winding angle hybrid filament-wound thick cylinder under axial loading and internal and external pressure.” Composite Structures, Vol. 131, pp. 868–877, DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.05.036.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rafiee, R., Habibagahi, M.R. On The Stiffness Prediction of GFRP Pipes Subjected to Transverse Loading. KSCE J Civ Eng 22, 4564–4572 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-018-2003-5
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-018-2003-5