Skip to main content
Log in

The impact of risk perception on developing incentive systems for relational contracting

  • Construction Management
  • Published:
KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering Aims and scope

Abstract

Financial incentives, specifically refer to risk/reward sharing arrangements, have been seen as an important way of facilitating relational contracting. Although there has been a great interest in developing appropriate incentive systems, still very little literature focuses on the impact of risk perception on risk/reward sharing arrangements. Taking into account risk characteristics in relational contracting, this study proposes a theoretical model in order to extend the understanding of relational and performance risk perception to the formulation of financial incentives from social and individual perspectives, and then validates the model for assessing the relationships among social and individual factors, risk perception and financial incentives with structural equation modeling in the context of integrated project teams. Data collected from 238 members in China can provide support for the proposed model. The results demonstrate that both relational and performance risk perception are significantly related to financial incentive, and social interaction ties, trust, shared vision, control ability and self-efficacy can reduce participants’ perceived level of risk. This study suggests that participants’ social capital and individual cognition should not be ignored when developing incentive systems for relational contracting.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • AI-Harbi, K. M. A. (1998). “Sharing fractions in cost-plus-incentive-fee contracts.” International Journal of Project Management, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 73–80, DOI: 10.1016/S0263-7863(97)00013-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Annmcfadyen, M. and Cannella, A. A. (2004). “Social capital and knowledge creation: Diminishing returns of the number and strength of exchange relationships.” Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 47, No. 5, pp. 735–746, DOI: 10.2307/20159615.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Badenfelt, U. (2008). “The selection of sharing ratios in target cost contracts.” Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 54–65, DOI: 10.1108/09699980810842061.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1977). “Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change.” Psychological Review, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 191–215, DOI: 10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bickerstaff, K. (2004). “Risk perception research: Socio-cultural perspectives on the public experience of air pollution.” Environment International, Vol. 30, No. 6, pp. 827–840, DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2003.12.001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bresnen, M. and Marshall, N. (2000). “Motivation, commitment and the use of incentives in partnerships and alliances.” Construction Management and Economics, Vol. 18, No. 5, pp. 587–598, DOI: 10.1080/014461900407392.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Broome, J. and Perry, J. (2002). “How practitioners set share fractions in target cost contracts.” International Journal of Project Management, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 59–66, DOI: 10.1016/S0263-7863(00)00035-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carolis, D. M. D. and Saparito, P. (2006). “Social capital, cognition, and entrepreneurial opportunities: A theoretical framework.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 41–56, DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00109.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carolis, D. M. D., Litzky, B. E., and Eddleston, K. A. (2009). “Why networks enhance the progress of new venture creation: The influence of social capital and cognition.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 527–545, DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00302.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chiu, C. M., Hsu, M. H., and Wang, E. T. G. (2006). “Understanding knowledge sharing in virtual communities: An integration of social capital and social cognitive theories.” Decision Support Systems, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 1872–1888, DOI: 10.1016/j.dss.2006.04.001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Compeau, D. R. and Higgins, C. A. (1999). “Social cognitive theory and individual reactions to computing technology: A longitudinal study.” MIS Quarterly, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 145–158, DOI: 10.2307/249749.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cvetkovich, G., Siegrist, M., Murray, R., and Tragesser, S. (2002). “New information and social trust: Asymmetry and perseverance of attributions about hazard managers.” Risk Analysis, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 359–367, DOI: 10.1111/0272-4332.00030.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Das, T. K. and Teng, B. S. (1996). “Risk types and inter-firm alliance structures.” Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 33, No. 6, pp. 827–843, DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6486.1996.tb00174.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Das, T. K. and Teng, B. S. (2001a). “A risk perception model of alliance structuring.” Journal of International Management, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 1–29, DOI: 10.1016/S1075-4253(00)00037-5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Das, T. K. and Teng, B. S. (2001b). “Trust, control, and risk in strategic alliances: An integrated framework.” Organization Studies, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 251–283, DOI: 10.1177/0170840601222004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delerue, H. (2005). “Relational risk perception and alliance management in French biotechnology SMEs.” European Business Review, Vol. 17, No. 6, pp. 532–546, DOI: 10.1108/09555340510630563.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delerue, H. and Dauphine, U. P. (2004). “Relational risks perception in European biotechnology alliances: The effect of contextual factors.” European Management Journal, Vol. 22, No. 5, pp. 546–556, DOI: 10.1016/j.emj.2004.09.012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El-adaway, I. H. (2013). “Promoting the sustainability of relational contracting through addressing third party insurance obstacles.” Journal of Management in Engineering, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 216–223, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fornell, C. and Larcker, D. F. (1981). “Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement errors: A comment.” Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 375–381, DOI: 10.2307/3150979.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hosseinian, S. M. and Carmichael, D. G. (2013). “Optimal incentive contract with risk-neutral contractor.” Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, Vol. 139, No. 8, pp. 899–909, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000663.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hsieh, L. H. Y., Rodrigues, S. B., and Child, J. (2010). “Risk perception and post-formation governance in international joint ventures in Taiwan: The perspective of the foreign partner.” Journal of International Management, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 288–303, DOI: 10.1016/j.intman.2010.06.007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu, M. H., Ju, T. L., Yen, C. H., and Chang, C. M. (2007). “Knowledge sharing behavior in virtual communities: The relationship between trust, self-efficacy, and outcome expectations.” International Journal Human-Computer Studies, Vol. 65, No. 2, pp. 153–169, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2006.09.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, C. C., Lin, T.C., and Lin, K. J. (2009). “Factors affecting Pass-Along Email Intentions (PAEIs): Integrating the social capital and social cognition theories.” Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 160–169, DOI: 10.1016/j.elerap.2008.11.001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, N., Clark, J., and Tripidaki, G. (2012). “Social risk assessment and social capital: A significant parameter for the formation of climate change policies.” The Social Science Journal, Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 33–41, DOI: 10.1016/j.soscij.2011.06.011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kahneman, D. and Tversky, A. (1979). “Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk.” Econometrica, Vol. 47, No. 2, pp. 263–292, DOI: 10.2307/1914185.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Kemp, A. G. and Stephen, L. (1999). “Risk: Reward sharing contracts in the oil industry: The effects of bonus: Penalty schemes.” Energy Policy, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 111–120, DOI: 10.1016/S0301-4215(98)00069-X.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kent, C. D. and Gerber, B. B. (2010). “Understanding construction industry experience and attitudes toward integrated project delivery.” Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, Vol. 136, No. 8, pp. 815–825, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kitchovitch, S. and Lio, P. (2010). “Risk perception and disease spread on social networks.” Procedia Computer Science, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 2345–2354, DOI: 10.1016/j.procs.2010.04.264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krewski, D., Somers, E., and Birkwood, P.L. (1987). “Risk perception in a decision making context.” Environmental Carcinogenesis Reviews: Environmental Carcinogenesis and Ecotoxicology Reviews, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 175–209, DOI: 10.1080/10590508709380604.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumaraswamy, M. M., Ling, F. Y. Y., Rahman, M. M., and Phng, S. T. (2005). “Constructing relationally integrated teams.” Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, Vol. 131, No. 10, pp. 1076–1086, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2005)131:10(1076).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laan, A., Voordijk, H., and Dewulf, G. (2011). “Reducing opportunistic behavior through a project alliance.” International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, Vol. 4 No. 4, pp. 660–679, DOI: 10.1108/17538371111164065.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lahdenpera, P. (2012). “Making sense of the multi-party contractual arrangements of project partnering, project alliancing and integrated project delivery.” Construction Management and Economics, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 57–79, DOI: 10.1080/01446193.2011.648947.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Le-Hoai, L., Lee, Y. D., and Son, J. J. (2010). “Partnering in construction: Investigation of problematic issues for implementation in Vietnam.” KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, KSCE, Vol. 14, No. 5, pp. 731–741, DOI: 10.1007/s12205-010-0916-8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liao, H., Liu, D., and Loi, R. (2010). “Looking at both sides of the social exchange coin: A social cognitive perspective on the joint effects of relationship quality and differentiation.” Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 53, No. 5, pp. 1090–1109, DOI: 10.5465/AMJ.2010.54533207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, T. C. and Huang, C. C. (2009). “Understanding the determinants of EKR usage from social, technological and personal perspectives.” Journal of Information Science, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 165–179, DOI: 10.1177/0165551508095780.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ling, Y., Rahman, M. M., and Ng, T. L. (2006). “Incorporating contractual incentives to facilitate relational contracting.” Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, Vol. 132, No. 1, pp. 57–66, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)1052-3928(2006)132:1(57).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, L., Li, Y., Tao, L., and Wang, Y. (2008). “Relationship stability, trust and relational risk in marketing channels: Evidence from China.” Industrial Marketing Management, Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 432–446, DOI: 10.1016/j.indmarman.2007.04.001.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Love, P. E. D., Davis, P. R., Chevis, R., and Edwards, D. J. (2011). “Risk/reward compensation model for civil engineering infrastructure alliance projects.” Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, Vol. 137, No. 2, pp. 127–136, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, W. E., Martin, I. M., and Kent, B. (2009). “The role of risk perceptions in the risk mitigation process: The case of wildfire in high risk communities.” Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 91, No. 2, pp. 489–498, DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.09.007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nahapiet, J. and Ghoshal, S. (1998). “Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage.” The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 242–266, DOI: 10.5465/AMR.1998.533225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nigro, G. L. and Abbate, L. (2011). “Risk assessment and profit sharing in business networks.” International Journal Production Economics, Vol. 131, No. 1, pp. 234–241, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2009.08.014.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paton, D., Smith, L., Daly, M., and Johnston, D. (2008). “Risk perception and volcanic hazard mitigation: Individual and social perspectives.” Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, Vol. 172, Nos. 3–4, pp. 179–188, DOI: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.12.026.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman, M. M. and Kumaraswamy, M. M. (2008). “Relational contracting and teambuilding: Assessing potential contractual and non-contractual incentives.” Journal of Management in Engineering, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 48–63, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0742-597X(2008)24:1(48).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman, M. M. and Kumaraswamy, M. M. (2012). “Multi-country perspectives of relational contracting and integrated project teams.” Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, Vol. 138, No. 4, pp. 469–480, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000463.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Renn, O. and Swaton, E. (1984). “Psychological and sociological approaches to study risk perception.” Environment International, Vol. 10, Nos. 5–6, pp. 557–575, DOI: 10.1016/0160-4120(84)90063-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, T. and Manley, K. (2011). “Motivation toward financial incentive goals on construction projects.” Journal of Business Research, Vol. 64, No. 7, pp. 765–773, DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2010.07.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scherer, C. W. and Cho, H. (2003) “A social network contagion theory of risk perception.” Risk Analysis, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 261–267, DOI: 10.1111/1539-6924.00306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simon, M., Houghton, S. M., and Aquino, K. (2000). “Cognitive biases, risk perception, and venture formation: How individuals decide to start companies.” Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 113–134, DOI: 10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00003-2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teimoury, E., Fesharaki, M., and Bazyar, A. (2010). “The relationship between mediated power asymmetry, relational risk perception, and governance mechanism in new product development relationships.” Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, Vol. 4 No. 4, pp. 296–315, DOI: 10.1108/17505931011092817.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, W. and Ghoshal, S. (1998). “Social capital and value creation: the role of intra-firm networks.” The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 464–476, DOI: 10.2307/257085.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Veland, H. and Aven, T. (2013). “Risk communication in the light of different risk perspectives.” Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Vol. 110, pp. 34–40, DOI: 10.1016/j.ress.2012.09.007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woolthuis, R. K., Hillebrand, B., and Nooteboom, B. (2005). “Trust, contract and relationship development.” Organization Studies, Vol. 26, No. 6, pp. 813–840, DOI: 10.1177/0170840605054594.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xue, X. L., Shen, Q. P., and Ren, Z. M. (2010). “Critical review of collaborative working in construction projects: Business environment and human behaviors.” Journal of Management in Engineering, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 196–208, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000025.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, L. R., Wu, K. S., and Huang, C. F. (2013). “Validation of a model measuring the effect of a project manager’s leadership style on project performance.” KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, KSCE, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 271–280, DOI: 10.1007/s12205-013-1489-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young, C. S. and Tsai, L. C. (2008). “The sensitivity of compensation to social capital: Family CEOs vs. nonfamily CEOs in the family business groups.” Journal of Business Research, Vol. 61, No. 4, pp. 363–374, DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.07.022.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Fei Li.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zhang, LY., Li, F. The impact of risk perception on developing incentive systems for relational contracting. KSCE J Civ Eng 19, 1203–1213 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-013-0450-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-013-0450-6

Keywords

Navigation