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Well-Slept Children and Teens are Happier and More Hopeful with Fewer Emotional Problems

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Abstract

Studies on sleep and psychological functions have predominantly focused on the negative consequences of poor sleep. Little is known about whether and how sleep is associated with the positive aspects of psychological well-being that fosters healthy development. This study investigated (1) the sleep patterns across grades from Primary 4 to Secondary 6, (2) the associations of sleep variables with self-perceived strengths and difficulties, and positive well-being in terms of hope and happiness, and (3) the mediating role of emotional symptoms in the link between sleep and hope and happiness. A sample of 2,804 Chinese students (aged 9–15, 46% male) from local primary and secondary schools in Hong Kong completed questionnaires regarding their sleep, hope and happiness, and strengths and difficulties. Sleep quality was associated with higher levels of hope and happiness both directly and indirectly via less emotional symptoms, which fully mediated the relationship between sleep sufficiency and hope and happiness. The importance of sleep health for positive well-being of children and teens warrants further research and clinical attention as well as promotion of community awareness, given the potential benefits of sleep for psychosocial outcomes that are fundamental to optimal growth.

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Notes

  1. Compared with aided schools (77.6% of all schools in Hong Kong), DSS schools (7.3% in Hong Kong) have greater flexibility in curriculum design, school administration and financial control. With additional school fees routinely collected, DSS schools in general provide more support services and school facilities.

  2. The distribution of Hong Kong schools for New Territories, Kowloon and Hong Kong Island is as follows: 50.4%, 30.6%, and 19.0%.

  3. Endogenous variables are indicated by incoming arrows and exogenous latent variables are indicated by outgoing arrows.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Dr Snow Xiaoxue Kuang for her data analysis contributions, Prof Shu Fai Cheung and Dr Sing-Hang Cheung for their expert statistical advice, Dr An Gong for her feedback on an early draft of the manuscript and Ms. Joanne Meng Xie for her assistance in preparing the manuscript. Sincere thanks are extended to Professors Michael Babyak, Ed Diener, Robert Goodman and Sonja Lyubomirsky Betsy Hoza and Tyrone F. Borders for their kind support in permitting us to use measures developed by them. We are grateful to the Centre for Religious and Spirituality Education, the Faculty of Education and Human Development and the UNESCO Chair in Regional Education Development and Lifelong Learning programme of The Education University of Hong Kong for supporting this study. The authors are responsible for the choice and presentation of information and views above as well as for the opinions expressed herein, which do not necessarily represent those of The Education University of Hong Kong and UNESCO and do not commit the respective Organisations.

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The authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work.

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Author notes

  1. Esther Yuet Ying Lau and John Chi-Kin Lee These authors contributed equally to this manuscript.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sleep Laboratory, Department of Psychology, The Education University of Hong Kong, 10 Lo Ping Road, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong, China

    Esther Yuet Ying Lau & Yeuk Ching Lam

  2. Centre for Religious and Spirituality Education, Faculty of Education and Human Development, The Education University of Hong Kong, 10 Lo Ping Road, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong, China

    Esther Yuet Ying Lau & John Chi-Kin Lee

  3. Centre for Psychosocial Health, The Education University of Hong Kong, 10 Lo Ping Road, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong, China

    Esther Yuet Ying Lau

  4. Department of Curriculum and Instruction, The Education University of Hong Kong, 10 Lo Ping Road, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong, China

    John Chi-Kin Lee

Authors
  1. Esther Yuet Ying Lau
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  2. Yeuk Ching Lam
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Contributions

Conception and design of the work: LAU Esther Yuet Ying; LEE Chi-Kin John Data acquisition, analysis, interpretation: LAU Esther Yuet Ying; LAM Yeuk Ching; LEE Chi-Kin John Manuscript writing: LAU Esther Yuet Ying; LAM Yeuk Ching; LEE Chi-Kin John All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to John Chi-Kin Lee.

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All procedures in this study were approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee, The Education University of Hong Kong.

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Written informed consent was obtained from all schools, parents, and children participating in this study.

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Lau, E.Y.Y., Lam, Y.C. & Lee, J.CK. Well-Slept Children and Teens are Happier and More Hopeful with Fewer Emotional Problems. Child Ind Res 14, 1809–1828 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-021-09823-2

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