Abstract
A simple, cheap, and fast method that employed a smartphone to capture images has been developed to determine food colors. To obtain precise data, a paper-based microfluidic device has been used as the test zone and a chamber used to control the ambient light during image capture. After optimization, calibration curves were linear over the concentration ranges from 20 to 500 mg/L with correlation coefficients higher than 0.998 and limits of detection of the method were obtained 4.55–5.86 mg/L with suitable precisions (2.25 ≤ RSD ≤ 5.53). The proposed method was successfully applied to determination of carmoisine, brilliant blue, sunset yellow, and quinoline yellow as individual components or in binary mixtures within commercial food products without a need for any prior separation steps. The accuracy of the method was evaluated performing recovery experiments for spiked sample solutions.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Botelho BG, de Assis LP, Sena MM (2014) Development and analytical validation of a simple multivariate calibration method using digital scanner images for sunset yellow determination in soft beverages. Food Chem 159:175–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.03.048
Botelho BG, Dantas KCF, Sena MM (2017) Determination of allura red dye in hard candies by using digital images obtained with a mobile phone and N-PLS. Chemom Intell Lab Syst 167:44–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2017.05.004
de Oliveira LMA, dos Santos VB, da Silva EKN, Lopes AS, Dantas-Filho HA (2020) An environment-friendly spot test method with digital imaging for the micro-titration of citric fruits. Talanta 206:120219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120219
de Sá IC, Feiteira FN, Pacheco WF (2020) Quantification of the food dye indigo carmine in candies using digital image analysis in a polyurethane foam support. Food Anal Methods 13(4):962–969. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-020-01715-5
dos Santos VB, da Silva EKN, de Oliveira LMA, Suarez WT (2019) Low cost in situ digital image method, based on spot testing and smartphone images, for determination of ascorbic acid in Brazilian Amazon native and exotic fruits. Food Chem 285:340–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.01.167
Dragos M, Eugen S (2007) From wavelength to RGB filter. UPB Scientific Bulletin, Series D 69(2):77–84
Faraji M (2019) Determination of some red dyes in food samples using a hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent-based vortex assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1591:15–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.022
Francisco da Silva Neto G, Luiza de Andrade Rodrigues M, Fonseca A (2021) A new quantitative gel electrophoresis method with image-based detection for the determination of food dyes and metallic ions. Talanta 221:121602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121602
Hashem EY, Saleh MS, Al-Salahi NOA, Youssef AK (2017) Advanced spectrophotometric analysis of sunset yellow dye E110 in commercial food samples. Food Anal Methods 10(4):865–875. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-016-0630-3
Heidarizadi E, Tabaraki R (2016) Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of synthetic dyes in food samples after cloud point extraction using multiple response optimizations. Talanta 148:237–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2015.10.075
Lin B, Yu Y, Cao Y, Guo M, Zhu D, Dai J, Zheng M (2018) Point-of-care testing for streptomycin based on aptamer recognizing and digital image colorimetry by smartphone. Biosens Bioelectron 100:482–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2017.09.028
Lipskikh OI, Korotkova EI, Khristunova YP, Barek J, Kratochvil B (2018) Sensors for voltammetric determination of food azo dyes - a critical review. Electrochim Acta 260:974–985. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.12.027
Martins N, Roriz CL, Morales P, Barros L, Ferreira ICFR (2016) Food colorants: challenges, opportunities and current desires of agro-industries to ensure consumer expectations and regulatory practices. Trends Food Sci Technol 52:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2016.03.009
Masawat P, Harfield A, Namwong A (2015) An iPhone-based digital image colorimeter for detecting tetracycline in milk. Food Chem 184:23–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.03.089
Micheletti L, Coldibeli B, Salamanca-Neto CAR, Almeida LC, Sartori ER (2020) Assessment of the use of boron-doped diamond electrode for highly sensitive voltammetric determination of the azo-dye carmoisine E−122 in food and environmental matrices. Talanta 220:121417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121417
Nayak DS, Shetti NP (2016) A novel sensor for a food dye erythrosine at glucose modified electrode. Sens Actuators B Chem 230:140–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.02.052
Nie J, Zhang Y, Lin L, Zhou C, Li S, Zhang L, Li J (2012) Low-cost fabrication of paper-based microfluidic devices by one-step plotting. Analytical Chem 84(15):6331–6335. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac203496c
Otero P, Saha SK, Hussein A, Barron J, Murray P (2017) Simultaneous determination of 23 azo dyes in paprika by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Food Anal Methods 10(4):876–884. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-016-0648-6
Pessoa KD, Suarez WT, dos Reis MF, de Oliveira Krambeck Franco M, Moreira RPL, dos Santos VB (2017) A digital image method of spot tests for determination of copper in sugar cane spirits. Spectrochim Acta Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 185:310–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2017.05.072
Périat A, Bieri S, Mottier N (2019) SWATH-MS screening strategy for the determination of food dyes in spices by UHPLC-HRMS. Food Chemistry: X 1:100009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fochx.2019.100009
Resque IS, dos Santos VB, Suarez WT (2019) An environmentally friendly analytical approach based on spot test and digital image to evaluate the conformity of bleaching products. Chem Pap 73(7):1659–1668. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-019-00717-w
Roda A, Michelini E, Zangheri M, Di Fusco M, Calabria D, Simoni P (2016) Smartphone-based biosensors: a critical review and perspectives. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 79:317–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2015.10.019
Rovina K, Acung LA, Siddiquee S, Akanda JH, Shaarani SM (2017) Extraction and analytical methods for determination of sunset yellow (E110)—a review. Food Anal Methods 10(3):773–787. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-016-0645-9
Sankar K, Lenisha D, Janaki G, Juliana J, Kumar RS, Selvi MC, Srinivasan G (2020) Digital image-based quantification of chlorpyrifos in water samples using a lipase embedded paper based device. Talanta 208:120408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120408
Shokrollahi A, Ahmadi S (2017) Determination of trace amounts of Brown HT as a food dye by a CPE-scanometry method. J Taibah Univ Sci 11(1):196–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtusci.2016.04.008
Soares S, Torres KG, Pimentel EL, Martelli PB, Rocha FRP (2019) A novel spot test based on digital images for determination of methanol in biodiesel. Talanta 195:229–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2018.11.028
Sorouraddin M-H, Saadati M, Mirabi F (2015) Simultaneous determination of some common food dyes in commercial products by digital image analysis. J Food Drug Anal 23(3):447–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2014.10.007
Vidal M, Garcia-Arrona R, Bordagaray A, Ostra M, Albizu G (2018) Simultaneous determination of color additives tartrazine and allura red in food products by digital image analysis. Talanta 184:58–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2018.02.111
Zhang S, Tan Z, Liu J, Xu Z, Du Z (2020) Determination of the food dye indigotine in cream by near-infrared spectroscopy technology combined with random forest model. Spectrochim Acta Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 227:117551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2019.117551
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics Approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by the author.
Informed Consent
Informed consent not applicable.
Conflict of Interest
Masoud Saadati declares that he has no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Saadati, M. Smartphone-Based Digital Image Analysis for Determination of Some Food Dyes in Commercial Products. Food Anal. Methods 14, 2367–2374 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-021-02059-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-021-02059-4