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Development of DNA and GC-MS Fingerprints for Authentication and Quality Control of Piper nigrum L. and Its Adulterant Carica papaya L.

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Abstract

Piper nigrum L. (family: Piperaceae) is cultivated for its mature fruit/berries. Generally dried, they are one of the most important commercial spice/food additives. The dried fruit of P. nigrum is almost similar in morphology to seeds of Carica papaya L. and is used as an adulterant of P. nigrum. Molecular technology and plant metabolomics are effective tools for unequivocal authentication and detection of food ingredients. In this study, DNA fingerprinting-based quality control markers [sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers] were employed for authentication and discrimination of P. nigrum from its adulterant C. papaya. The 500- and 750-bp-sized SCAR markers of P. nigrum and C. papaya were amplified using their specific SCAR primer sets. Further, metabolic profiling was carried out using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) on the fruits and seeds of P. nigrum and C. papaya, respectively. For P. nigrum and for C. papaya, 84 and 61 chemically diverse metabolites were observed, respectively, among which 44 and 33 metabolites were putatively selected, respectively. The detection efficiency of GC-MS was assessed by combining the powdered samples of both P. nigrum and C. papaya in different ratios and was able to detect as low as 20 mg/g (w/w) (20,000 ppm) of metabolites. Multivariate data analysis and clustering analysis was performed on the mixture samples of both the food ingredients. Thus, development of SCAR markers along with the phytochemical fingerprints can correlate DNA fingerprinting data with the quantity of active ingredient and/or phytochemical constituents associated with the specific spice/herb/(s).

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Acknowledgments

The infrastructure created from UGC-SAP grant to the Department Of Biotechnology is thankfully acknowledged.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for transgenic plant development, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India

    Irum Gul, Nazima Nasrullah, Umara Nissar, Monica Saifi & Malik Z. Abdin

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  1. Irum Gul
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  2. Nazima Nasrullah
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  3. Umara Nissar
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  4. Monica Saifi
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  5. Malik Z. Abdin
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Correspondence to Irum Gul.

Ethics declarations

This study was funded by University grants commission, India (7–357/ BSR).

Conflict of Interest

Irum Gul declares that she has no conflict of interest. Nazima Nasrullah declares that she has no conflict of interest. Umara Nissar declares that she has no conflict of interest. Monica Saifi declares that she has no conflict of interest. Malik Z Abdin declares that he has no conflict of interest.

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This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

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Informed consent for this study is not applicable.

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Gul, I., Nasrullah, N., Nissar, U. et al. Development of DNA and GC-MS Fingerprints for Authentication and Quality Control of Piper nigrum L. and Its Adulterant Carica papaya L.. Food Anal. Methods 11, 1209–1222 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-017-1088-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-017-1088-7

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