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Targeted and Untargeted Detection of Skim Milk Powder Adulteration by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

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Abstract

In the present study, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was explored as a fast and reliable screening method for the detection of adulteration of skim milk powder (SMP). Sixty genuine SMP were adulterated with acid whey (1–25 % w/w), starch (2 and 5 %) and maltodextrin (2 and 5 %) for a total of 348 adulterated samples. Two chemometric approaches were employed. In the first approach, an untargeted one class model for genuine skim milk powder was developed by Soft Independent Modelling of Class Analogy. In the second approach, adulterant-specific regression models were developed to assess the amount of each adulterant by partial least square regression and principal component regression. The class modelling approach had the advantage that several adulterants could be detected with the same chemometric model, including situations where multiple adulterants are present in the test sample or where yet unknown adulterants are present. Regression models showed a better sensitivity with genuine SMP samples completely discriminated from samples adulterated with 5 % acid whey and 2 % of starch or maltodextrin. NIRS proved to be a useful tool for the rapid and cost-efficient untargeted and/or targeted detection of adulterations in SMP.

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Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs and Innovation for financial support.

Conflict of Interest

Edoardo Capuano declares that he has no conflict of interest. Rita Boerrigter-Eenling declares that she has no conflict of interest. Alex Koot declares that he has no conflict of interest. Saskia M van Ruth declares that she has no conflict of interest. This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects.

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Author notes

  1. Edoardo Capuano

    Present address: Food Quality and Design Group, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands

Authors and Affiliations

  1. RIKILT – Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands

    Edoardo Capuano, Rita Boerrigter-Eenling & Alex Koot

  2. Food Quality and Design Group, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands

    Saskia M. van Ruth

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  1. Edoardo Capuano
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  2. Rita Boerrigter-Eenling
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  4. Saskia M. van Ruth
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Correspondence to Edoardo Capuano.

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Capuano, E., Boerrigter-Eenling, R., Koot, A. et al. Targeted and Untargeted Detection of Skim Milk Powder Adulteration by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Food Anal. Methods 8, 2125–2134 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-015-0100-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-015-0100-3

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