Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Does quitting intention increase by perceived risk of smoking? The effects of negative outcome expectancy, future orientation and emotional support

  • Published:
Current Psychology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Although the association between perceived risk and behavioral intention is well-established, the roles of negative outcome expectancy, future orientation and emotional support in the relationship between perceived risk of smoking and quitting intention is little known. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of perceived risk of smoking on quitting intention and examine the mediating role of negative outcome expectancy and the moderating role of future orientation and emotional support in these relationships. A total of 317 Chinese male smokers participated in the study and completed self-report questionnaires. The results indicated that the relationship between perceived risk of smoking and quitting intention was mediated partially by negative outcome expectancy. And when both of the scores of future orientation and emotional support were high, negative outcome expectancy mediated the relationship between perceived risk of smoking and quitting intention. These findings provided implications for smoking cessation interventions in the future. Different interventions should be designed for different populations of smokers.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

The datasets analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  • Alan, S., Faith, G., David, S. B., & Scott, E. (1994). The consideration of future consequences: Weighing immediate and distant outcomes of behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(4), 742–752.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beenstock, J., Lindson-Hawley, N., Aveyard, P., & Adams, J. (2014). Future orientation and smoking cessation: Secondary analysis of data from a smoking cessation trial. Addiction, 109(10), 1732–1740.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bierbauer, W., Inauen, J., Schaefer, S., Kleemeyer, M. M., Luscher, J., Konig, C., & Tobias, R. … Scholz, U. (2017). Health behavior change in older adults: Testing the health action process approach at the inter- and intraindividual level. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-being, 9(3), 1–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brewer, N. T., Weinstein, N. D., Cuite, C. L., & Herrington, J. E. (2004). Risk perceptions and their relation to risk behavior. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 27(2), 125–130.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burns, R. J., Rothman, A. J., Fu, S. S., Lindgren, B., & Joseph, A. M. (2014). The relation between social support and smoking cessation: Revisiting an established measure to improve prediction. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 47(3), 369–375.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cao, Q. L., & Liang, Y. (2017). Perceived social support and life satisfaction in drug addicts: Self-esteem and loneliness as mediators. Journal of Health Psychology, 25(7), 976–985.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Capaldi, E. J. (1993). The relation between memory and expectancy as revealed by percentage and sequence of reward investigations. Psychological Bulletin & Review, 1(3), 303–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, H. D., Li, X. W., Cao, N. M., Li, X. Y., & Li, W. J. (2019). The relationship between nicotine dependence and perceived behavioral control towards quitting smoking among Chinese male smokers: The moderating roles of social support and complaint from others. Journal of Psychological Science, 42(6), 1499–1504.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 310–357.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Creswell, K. G., Cheng, Y., & Levine, M. D. (2015). A test of the stress-buffering model of social support in smoking cessation: Is the relationship between social support and time to relapse mediated by reduced withdrawal symptoms? Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 17(5), 566–571.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dijkstra, A., Conijn, B., & Vries, H. D. (2010). A match-mismatch test of a stage model of behavior changes in tobacco smoking. Addiction, 101(7), 1035–1043.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gan, Y. Q. (2011). The sequential model of future-oriented coping and its time perspective mechanism. Advances in Psychology Science, 19(11), 1583–1587.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, P. A., Fong, G. T., & Meng, G. (2014). Time perspective as a determinant of smoking cessation in four countries: Direct and mediated effects from the international tobacco control (ITC) 4-country surveys. Addictive Behaviors, 39(7), 1183–1190.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Heatherton, T. F., Kozlowski, L. T., Frecker, R. C., & Fagerström, K. O. (1991). The Fagerström test for nicotine dependence: A revision of the Fagerström tolerance questionnaire. British Journal of Addiction, 86(9), 1119–1127.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ingemann, C., Regeer, B. J., & Larsen, C. V. L. (2018). Determinants of an integrated public health approach: The implementation process of Greenland’s second public health program. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 1353–1366.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson, J. D., Catley, D., Lee, H. S., Harrar, S. W., & Harris, K. J. (2014). Health risk perceptions predict smoking-related outcomes in Greek college students. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 28(3), 743–751.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Janssen, E., Osch, L. V., Vries, H., & Lechner, L. (2013). Examining direct and indirect pathways to health behavior: The influence of cognitive and affective probability beliefs. Psychology & Health, 28(5), 546–560.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang, Y., Elton-Marshall, T., Fong, G. T., & Li, Q. (2010). Quitting smoking in China: Findings from the ITC China survey. Tobacco Control, 19(Suppl 2), 7–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laftman, S. B., Alm, S., Sandahl, J., & Modin, B. (2011). Future orientation among students exposed to school bullying and cyberbullying victimization. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(4), 605–616.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, W. C., & Sloan, F. (2015). Risk perception and smoking decisions of adult Chinese men. Journal of Health Economics, 39(11), 60–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lipkus, I. M., Eissenberg, T., Schwartz-Bloom, R. D., Prolorov, A. V., & Levy, J. (2014). Relationships among factual and perceived knowledge of harms of waterpipe tobacco, perceived risk, and desire to quit among college students. Journal of Health Psychology, 19(12), 1525–1535.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, S. W., Zhang, M., Yang, L., Li, Y. C., Wang, L. M., Huang, Z. J., et al. (2017). Prevalence and patterns of tobacco smoking among Chinese adult men and women: Findings of the 2010 national smoking survey. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 71(2), 154–161.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCoy, S. B., Gibbons, F. X., Reis, T. J., Gerrard, M., Luus, C. A., & Sufka, A. V. (1992). Perceptions of smoking risk as a function of smoking status. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(5), 469–488.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monestel-Umaña, S., & Schulz, P. J. (2015). Applying the construal level theory to improve oral self-care behavior: A pilot study. Journal of Communication in Healthcare, 8(2), 134–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ochsner, S., Knoll, N., Stadler, G., Luszczynska, A., Hornung, R., & Scholz, U. (2015). Interacting effects of receiving social control and social support during smoking cessation. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 49(1), 141–146.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, F., Wileyto, E. P., Segal, J., Kurz, J., & Glanz, K. (2010). Intention to quit smoking: Role of personal and family member cancer diagnosis. Health Education Research, 25(5), 792–802.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Payaprom, Y., Bennett, P., Alabaster, E., & Tantipong, H. (2011). Using the health action process approach and implementation intentions to increase flu vaccine uptake in high-risk Thai individuals: A controlled before-after trial. Healthy Psychology, 30(4), 492–500.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ranby, K. W., Lewis, M., Toll, B. A., Rohrbaugh, M. J., & Lipkus, I. M. (2013). Perceptions of smoking-related risk and worry among dual-smoker couples. Nicotine Tobacco Research, 15(3), 734–738.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rise, J., Kovac, V., Kraft, P., & Moan, I. S. (2011). Predicting the intention to quit smoking and quitting behavior: Extending the theory of planned behavior. British Journal of Health Psychology, 13(2), 291–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarzer, R. (2016). Health action process approach (HAPA) as a theoretical framework to understand behavior change. Actualidades en Psicología, 30(121), 119–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarzer, R., Schuz, B., Ziegelmann, J. P., Lippke, S., Luszczynska, A., & Scholz, U. (2007). Adoption and maintenance of four health behaviors: Theory-guided longitudinal studies on dental flossing, seat belt use, dietary behavior, and physical activity. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 33(2), 156–166.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soltis, K. E., Mcdevitt-Murphy, M., & Murphy, J. G. (2017). Alcohol demand, future orientation, and craving mediate the relation between depressive and stress symptoms and alcohol problems. Alcohol-Clinical and Experimental Research, 41(6), 1191–1200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Song, H., Kim, J., & Kim, S. Y. (2014). Smoker identity among social smokers: Theory-based approaches for anti-smoking interventions. Journal of Substance Abuse, 19(5), 346–350.

    Google Scholar 

  • Su, S., Li, X., Lin, D., & Zhu, M. (2017). Future orientation, social support, and psychological adjustment among left-behind children in rural China: A longitudinal study. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1309–1319.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Taber, J. M., & Klein, M. P. (2016). The role of conviction in personal disease risk perceptions: What can we learn from research on attitude strength? Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 10(4), 202–218.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2010). Construal-level theory of psychological distance. Psychological Review, 117(2), 440–463.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tseng, Y. F., Wang, K. L., Lin, C. Y., Lin, Y. T., Pan, H. C., & Chang, C. J. (2017). Predictors of smoking cessation in Taiwan: Using the theory of planned behavior. Psychology Health & Medicine, 23(3), 270–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Velicer, W. F., Diclemente, C. C., Prochaska, J. O., & Brandenburg, N. (1985). Decisional balance measure for assessing and predicting smoking status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(5), 1279–1289.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Villanti, A. C., Manderski, M. T., Gundersen, D. A., Steinberg, M. B., & Delnevo, C. D. (2016). Reasons to quit and barriers to quitting smoking in us young adults. Journal of Family Practice, 33(2), 133–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vet, E., Nooijer, J., Oenema, A., Vries, N. K., & Brug, J. (2008). Predictors of stage transitions in the precaution adoption process model. American Journal of Health Promotion, 22(4), 282–292.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weinstein, N. D. (1988). The precaution adoption process. Health Psychology, 7(4), 355–386.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wellenzohn, S., Proyer, R. T., & Ruch, W. (2016). How do positive psychology interventions work? A short-term placebo-controlled humor-based study on the role of the time focus. Personality and Individual Differences, 96(10), 1–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wellman, R. J., O'Loughlin, E. K., Dugas, E. N., Montreuil, A., Dutczak, H., & O'Loughlin, J. (2018). Reasons for quitting smoking in young adult cigarette smokers. Addictive Behaviors, 77, 28–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xiao, Y., & Lu, W. (2019). Cumulative health risk behaviors and adolescent suicide: The moderating role of future orientation. American Journal of Health Behavior, 43(6), 1086–1102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, Y., Yang, Y., & Ma, X. (2018). Time perspective, optimistic bias, and self-control among different statuses of university smokers in China: A cross-sectional study. Psychology Health & Medicine, 23(9), 1–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, G. H. (2013). Marketing ‘less harmful, low-tar’ cigarettes is a key strategy of the industry to counter tobacco control in China. Tobacco Control, 23(2), 167–172.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zavareh, M. F., Hezaveh, A. M., & Nordfjarn, T. (2018). Intention to use bicycle helmet as explained by the health belief model, comparative optimism and risk perception in an Iranian sample. Transportation Research Part of Traffic Psychology & Behavior, 54(1), 248–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeidi, I. M., Morshedi, H., & Shokohi, A. (2020). Predicting psychological factors affecting regular physical activity in hypertensive patients: Application of health action process approach model. Nursing Open, 8(2), 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the subjects who participated in the study.

Funding

This research was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 31800946).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Education and Human Development, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China

    Xinwei Li, Weijian Li, Haide Chen, Xinyi Wei & Ningmeng Cao

  2. Institute of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China

    Weijian Li & Haide Chen

Authors
  1. Xinwei Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Weijian Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Haide Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Xinyi Wei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Ningmeng Cao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Conceptualization, W.L., H.C. and X.L.; Methodology, N.C. and X.W.; Validation, H.C. and X.L.; Resources, H.C.; Writing—Original Draft Preparation, X.L.; Writing—Review and Editing, X.L. and H.C.; Supervision, W.L.; Project Administration, H.C.; Funding Acquisition, H.C.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Haide Chen.

Ethics declarations

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the local institution.

Informed Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual adult participants included in the study.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Li, X., Li, W., Chen, H. et al. Does quitting intention increase by perceived risk of smoking? The effects of negative outcome expectancy, future orientation and emotional support. Curr Psychol 42, 4439–4446 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01815-3

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01815-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation