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Constructions of Hellenism Through Printing and Editorial Choices: The Case of Adrien de Turnèbe, Royal Lecturer and Printer in Greek (1512–1565)*

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Notes

  1. For the Collège Royal, see Abel Lefranc et al., Le Collège de France (1530–1930). Livre jubilaire composé à l’occasion de son quatrième centenaire, Paris, 1932; Les Origines du Collège de France (1500–1560), ed. M. Fumaroli, Paris, 1998. For the teaching of Greek in Paris, see Jean Irigoin, ‘L’enseignement du grec à Paris (1476–1530). Manuels et texts’, in Les Origines du Collège de France, pp. 391–404; O. Reverdin, Les premiers cours de grec au Collège de France ou l’enseignement de Pierre Danès d’après un document inédit, Paris, 1984; G. Sandy, ‘Resources for the study of Greek in France’, in The Classical Heritage in France, ed. id., Leiden, 2002, pp. 47–78; and L. Delaruelle, ‘L’Étude du grec à Paris de 1515 à 1530’, Revue du seizième siècle, 9, 1922, pp. 132–49. The only recent study we have on the life and work of Turnèbe is John Lewis, Adrien Turnèbe (1512–1565): A Humanist Observed, Geneva, 1998.

  2. For the importance of Paris as a printing centre for Greek, see N. Constantinidou, ‘Printers of the Greek Classics and Market Distribution in the 16th Century: The Case of France and the Low Countries’, in Specialist Markets in the Early Modern Book World, ed. R. Kirwan and S. Mullins, Leiden, 2015, pp. 275–93.

  3. See, e.g., R. Hexter, ‘Aldus, Greek and the Shape of the “Classical Corpus”’, in Aldus Manutius and Renaissance Culture, ed. D. S. Zeidberg and F. S. Gioffredi, Florence, 1998, pp. 143–60; M. Lowry, The World of Aldus Manutius: Business and Scholarship in Renaissance Venice, Ithaca NY, 1979; N. Barker, Aldus Manutius and the Development of Greek Script & Type in the Fifteenth Century, New York, 1992; M. Davies, Aldus Manutius: Printer and Publisher of Renaissance Venice, London, 1995; Aldo Manuzio editore. Dediche, Prefazioni, ed. G. Orlandi, introd. C. Dionisotti, 2 vols, Milan, 1975.

  4. Jean Passerat, In Adriani Turnebi… elegia, ad Dionysium Lambinum, Paris, 1565, cited and transl. by Lewis, Adrien Turnèbe (n. 1 above), p. 72.

  5. Cited and transl. by Lewis, Adrien Turnèbe (n. 1 above), p. 71.

  6. See D. O. McNeil, Guillaume Budé and Humanism in the Reign of Francis I, Geneva, 1975; L.-A. Sanchi, Les Commentaires de la langue grecque de Guillaume Bude. L’Oeuvre, ses sources, sa préparation, Geneva, 2006; see also G. Sandy, ‘Guillaume Budé: Philologist and Polymath. A Preliminary Study’, in The Classical Heritage in France, ed. id., Leiden, 2002, pp. 79–108, as well as his article in the present issue.

  7. See C. Waddington, ‘Notice sur Adrien Turnèbe’, Bulletin de la Société de l’Histoire du Protestantisme Français, 3, 1855, pp. 665–80; M. Legay, ‘Adrien Turnebus, lecteur royal’, Bulletin de la Société des Antiquaires de Normandie, 8, 1875–1877, pp. 357–405. G. Demerson, Polémiques autour de la mort de Turnèbe, Clermont-Ferrand, 1975, discusses the controversy surrounding his religious allegiances. Lewis, Adrien Turnèbe (n. 1 above), p. 68, refers to his intellectual circle. For the dispute with Ramus, see n. 57 below.

  8. E. Armstrong, Robert Estienne, Royal Printer, Cambridge, 1954, pp. 118–19.

  9. Ibid., pp. 118, 139.

  10. Ibid, p. 129.

  11. H. D. L. Vervliet, ‘Greek Printing Types of the French Renaissance: The “Grecs du Roy” and Their Successors’, in The Palaeotypography of the French Renaissance, ed. id., 2 vols, Leiden, 2008, II, pp. 383–425, and P. Renouard, ‘Les “Grecs du Roi”’, Bulletin du Bibliophile, 15 April 1901, pp. 157–68.

  12. See M. L.-C. Sylvestre, Marques typographiques, 2 vols, Paris, 1966, I, pp. 146–7 (devices 470–72).

  13. See the inventory of the ‘Grecs du Roi’ taken in 1556, when Turnèbe handed over the types to Guillaume Morel (BibliothnF, Cabinet des titres: Pièces originales, 46.681, no. 32, vol. 2047). See also La France des Humanistes: Turnèbe et Morel (n. * above).

  14. For a comparison with other royal printers and other printers of Greek in Paris in general, see Constantinidou, ‘Printers of the Greek Classics’ (n. 2 above), pp. 275–93.

  15. Lewis, Adrien Turnèbe (n. 1 above), p. 120.

  16. See the earlier edition by Aldus Manutius’s heirs (1518) (USTC 807822) and the edition of Prometheus vinctus by Wechel (1548) (USTC 196107). Turnèbe’s edition, however, came out in the same year as Francisco Robortello’s: Venice, apud Gualtiero ScotoVenice, 1552 (USTC 807823).

  17. Aechylus, Τραγῳδίαι Ζ’. Προμηθεὺς δεσμώτης. Χοηφόροι. Ἑπτὰ ἐπὶ Θήβαις. Εὐμενίδες. Πέρσαι. Ἱκέτιδες. Ἀγαμέμνων. Σχόλια εἰς τὰς αὐτὰς τραγῳδίας. Tragoediae VII … Scholia in easdem, plurimis in locis locupletata, et in pene infinitis emendata…, ed. Pietro Vettori, [Geneva], Henri II Estienne, 1557 (USTC 450455).

  18. Perhaps because of the publication of the Latin editio princeps: Aeschylus, Tragoediae sex, quot quidem extant, summa fide ac diligentia è Greco in Latinum sermonem, ad verbum conversae, Basel, Ludwig Lucius aus der Wetterau, Johannes Oporinus, 1555 (USTC 609466).

  19. Sophocles, Τραγῳδίαι. Αἴας μαστιγοφόρος.’Ηλέκτρα. Οἰδίπους τύραννος. Ἀντιγόνη. Οἰδίπους ἐπὶ Κολωνῷ. Τραχίνιαι. Φιλοκτήτης. Δημητρίου τοῦ Τρικλινίου περὶ μέτρων οἷς ἐχρήσατο Σοφοκλῆς. Περὶ σχημάτων. Σχόλια, Typis regis, Ex privilegio regis, Paris, Apud Adrianum Turnebum typographum Regium, 1553 (USTC 154217 [4o]).

  20. Sophocles’s works had been printed by Aldus in 1502; the editions which followed were by Filippo I Giunta (1522); Simon de Colines (1528); Aias by Gérard Morrhy (1530); Antigone by Jean Loys (1540); the works by Jacques Bogard (1545); Bernardo I Giunta (1547); Peter Braubach (Frankfurt am Main, 1549); Oedipus tyrannus by Servaes Sassenus (Louvain, 1550).

  21. Hephastion of Alexandria, Ἐγχειρίδιον περὶ μέτρων καὶ ποιημάτων. Εἰς τὸ αὐτὸ σχόλια, Typis Regiis, Ex privilegio regis, Paris, Apud Adrianum Turnebum typographum regium, 1553 (USTC 154191 [4o]).

  22. Contrary to what Lewis, Adrien Turnèbe (n. 1 above), p. 157, suggests, this was not the first Parisian edition: another three editions of Homer had appeared in Paris in the sixteenth century. Other editions were by Jean Vatel, 1520; Jacques Bogard, 1543; and Michel de Vascosan, 1547.

  23. P. Botley, Learning Greek in Western Europe, 1396–1529: Grammars, Lexica and Classroom Texts, Philadelphia, 2010, pp. 80–85.

  24. Homer, Ἰλιάς…. Ilias, id est, de rebus ad Troiam gestis, Ex privilegio Regis, Paris, Apud Adr. Turnebum typographum Regium, 1554 (USTC 151544 [8o]).

  25. Claude Binet, Discours de la vie de Pierre de Ronsard, Paris, 1586, pp. 10–11, cited by Lewis, Adrien Turnèbe (n. 1 above), p. 158, n. 96.

  26. Γνωμολογίαι παλαιοτάτων ποιητῶν. Θεόγνιδος. Φωκυλίδου. Πυθαγορείου τινός. Σόλωνος. Τυρταίου. Ναυμαχίου. Καλλιμάχου. Μιμνέρμου. Εὐήνου. Ριανοῦ. Ερατοσθένους. Πανυάσιδος. Λίνου. Μενεκράτους. Ποσιδίππου. Μητροδώρου. Σιμωνίδου, Typis Regis, Ex privilegio Regis, Paris, Apud Adrianum Turnebum typographum Regium, 1553 (USTC 160213 [4o]).

  27. F. Ciccolella, Donati Graeci: Learning Greek in the Renaissance, Leiden, 2008, p. 126; Botley, Learning Greek (n. 23 above), pp. 77–9, 211, 218.

  28. Botley, Learning Greek (n. 23 above), p. 74.

  29. C. W. Kallendorf, ed. and transl., Humanist Educational Treatises, Cambridge MA, 2008, pp. 143–4, 149.

  30. See Harold Cook, ‘Medicine’, in The Cambridge History of Science, III, ed. K. Park, Cambridge, 2006, pp. 407–34, and P. F. Grendler, The Universities of the Italian Renaissance, Baltimore, 2002, chap. 9, esp. pp. 324–32 and 341–4.

  31. Rufus of Ephesus, Περὶ τῶν ἐν κύστει καὶ νεφροῖς παθῶν. Περὶ τῶν φαρμάκων καθαρτικῶν. Περὶ θέσεως καὶ ὀνομασίας τῶν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου μορίων. Σωράνου περὶ μήτρας καὶ γυναικείου αἰδοίου…. De vesicae renumque morbis. De purgantibus medicamentis. De partibus corporis humani. Sorani de utero & muliebri pudendo, Ex bibliotheca Regia, Ex privilegio Regis, Paris, Apud Adr. Turnebus typographum Regium, 1554 (USTC 151651 [8o]).

  32. Aretaeus of Cappadocia, Περὶ αἰτιῶν καὶ σημείων ὀξέων καὶ χρονίων παθῶν, Βιβλ. δ'. Ὀξέων καὶ χρονίων νούσων θεραπευτικὰ, Βιβλ. δ΄…. De acutorum, ac diuturnorum morborum causis & signis, Lib. IIII. De acutorum, ac diuturnorum morborum curatione, Lib. III, Ex bibliotheca Regia, Ex privilegio Regis, Paris, Apud Adr. Turnebum typographum Regium, 1554 (USTC 151422 [8o]).

  33. Aretaeus of Cappadocia, Libri septem nunc primum e tenebris eruti… Ruffi Ephesii De corporis humani partium appellationibus libri tres…, transl. Giunio Paolo Grassi, Venice, apud haer. Lucantonio I Giunta, 1552 (USTC 810296).

  34. See Aretaeus of Cappadocia, Libri VIII. Ruffi Ephesii De hominis partibus libri III. Accessere Aretaei aliquot capita. Ruffi liber de vesicae ac renum affectibus adnotationes locorum in quibus ab interprete Graeca discrepant, Paris, apud Guillaume Morel & Jacques du Puys, 1554 (USTC 151582); and for Morel’s reprint of Grassi’s Soranus translation, see Theophilus Protosphatarius, De corporis humani fabrica, libri V, ex Sorano de vulva et pudendo muliebri, Paris, apud Guillaume Morel, 1556 (USTC 151986).

  35. Aretaeus of Cappadocia, Περὶ αἰτιῶν καὶ σημείων (n. 32 above), sig. *1r.

  36. Robert Estienne included a medical work in his list of publications as the ‘typographus regius’ (also edited by Jacques Goupyl): Alexander of Tralles, Βιβλία δυοκαίδεκα. Ραζῆ λόγος λοιμικῆς ἀπὸ τῆς Σύρων διαλέκτου ἐξελληνισθείς…. Libri XII. Rhazae De pestilentia libellus, Ex bibliotheca Regia, typis Regiis, Ex privilegio Regis, Paris, Ex officina Robert Estienne, Typographi Regii, 1548 (USTC 149923).

  37. Oppian, Ἀλιευτικῶν, Βιβλία Ε΄. Κυνηγετικῶν, Βιβλία Δ΄. De piscatu libri V. De venatione libri IIII, Ex privilegio Regis, Paris, Apud Adr. Turnebum typographum Regium, 1555 (USTC 151880 [8o]); and Oppian, De piscatu libri V. Laurentio Lippio interprete. De venatione libri IIII. ita conversi, ut singula verba singulis respondeant. In eorum gratiam qui Graeca cum Latinis coniungere volunt, Paris, apud Guillaume Morel, 1555 (USTC 151757).

  38. Lewis, Adrien Turnèbe (n. 1 above), pp. 258 and 259, n. 145.

  39. Aristotle, Opera omnia, 4 vols, Venice, Aldus Manutius, 1495–1498 (USTC 760250 [4o]) and id., Τὰ μέχρι νῦν σωζόμενα, ἅπαντα. Opera quae quidem adhuc restant, Basel, Johannes Oporinus, 1541 (USTC 605760 [2o]).

  40. Theophrastus, περὶ πυρός…. De igne. Paris, Apud Adr. Turnebum typographum regium, 1552 (USTC 151066 [4o]); Theophrastus, De igne lib…., transl. and annot. Adrien Turnèbe, Ex privilegio regis, Paris, Apud Adr. Turnebum typographum regium, 1553 (USTC 154196 [4o]).

  41. Theophrastus, περὶ φυτῶν αἰτιῶν τὸ α΄. De causis plantarum liber primus, Paris, apud Michel de Vascosan, 1550 (USTC 160430); Theophrastus, περὶ ἀνέμων…. De ventis, Paris, apud Michel de Vascosan, 1551 (USTC 160431 [4o]).

  42. Adrien Turnèbe, Opera, 3 vols, Strasbourg: L. Zetzner, 1600, II, pp. 41–8.

  43. Theophrastus, περὶ ὀσμῶν (no USTC reference; copy at Leiden University Library, shelfmark 758 C 1: 3–4, no title-page), and id., Libellus de odoribus…, ed. and annot. Adrien Turnèbe, Ex privilegio regis, Paris, Michel de Vascosan, 1556 (USTC 152097 [4o]).

  44. Theophrastus, De lapidibus liber, Paris, ex officina Fédéric Morel, 1578 (USTC 160434 [4o]).

  45. Theophrastus, περὶ λίθων. De lapidibus, Paris, ex officina Fédéric Morel, 1577 (USTC160433 [4o]).

  46. Theophrastus, Libellus de odoribus, in Turnèbe, Opera (n. 42 above), II, sig. a2r-v.

  47. Ibid., sigs a2v, a3r.

  48. Ibid., sig. a3r.

  49. Peter Ramus, Brutinae quaestiones in oratorem Ciceronis. Oratio de studiis philosophiae et eloquentiae conjungendis, Paris, apud Jacques Bogard, 1547 (USTC 149708 [4o]), pp. 45–51 (50).

  50. Aristotle, Ἠθικῶν Νικομαχείων, βιβλία δέκα…. De moribus ad Nicomachum libri decem, Paris, apud Adrien Turnèbe, 1554 (USTC 151423 [4o]).

  51. The Nicomachean Ethics was at the centre of formal educational systems in Northern Europe and the key text in the teaching of moral philosophy; see C.B. Schmitt, ‘Aristotle’s Ethics in the Sixteenth Century: Some Preliminary Considerations’, reprinted in his The Aristotelian Tradition and Renaissance Universities, London, 1984, § VII, pp. 87–112 (94–7), and Grendler, Universities (n. 30 above), chap. 11. Apart from the 1495–1498 Aldine editio princeps of Aristotle’s Opera omnia, the Greek text was printed independently for the first time in Louvain 1513 [= 1523] (by Thierry Martens); before Turnèbe’s edition, there had been another four in Paris and another two in Strasbourg.

  52. Aristotle, Ἠθικῶν Νικομαχείων, βιβλία δέκα…. De moribus ad Nicomachum, libri X…, Paris, Guillaume Morel apud Adrien Turnèbe, 1555 (USTC 151695 [4o]).

  53. Aristotle, Ἠθικῶν Νικομαχείων, βιβλία δέκα (n. 50 above), sig. *2r.

  54. Ibid.

  55. Reverdin, Les premiers cours (n. 1 above), pp. 24–6, 65–9.

  56. See Peter Ramus and Omer Talon, Collectaneae praefationes, epistolae, orationes, Paris, D. Vallens, 1577), cited in Lewis, Adrien Turnèbe (n. 1 above), p. 57, n. 36: ‘… Turnebus adhuc intellegere non potuit grammatici partes esse, verborum singulorum originem, vim, proprietatem, modificationem, conjunctorum usum et consuetudinem explicare …Turnebus id semper derisit: Timaeum Platonis aut eiusmodi aliquid sibi proposuit, in quo discipulis esset admirabilis sed inutilis …’ For the Ramus-Turnèbe dispute, see, e.g., W. J. Ong, Ramus, Method and the Decay of Dialogue: From the Art of Discourse to the Art of Reason, 3rd edn, Chicago, 2004; Lewis, Adrien Turnèbe (n. 1 above), chap. 5; and two articles in Autour de Ramus II: Le combat, ed. K. Meerhoff et al., Paris, 2005: M. van der Poel, ‘The Dispute between Ramus and Turnebus on Cicero’s Orations on the Agrarian Law’, pp. 323–39, and J. Rice Henderson, ‘Professors of Eloquence and Philosophy: Muret in Two Parisian Controversies’, pp. 331–48.

  57. For a general discussion of Neoplatonism in the French Renaissance, see the very early A. Lefranc, ‘Le platonisme et la littérature en France à l’époque de la renaissance (1500–1550)’, Revue d’histoire littéraire de la France 3, 1896, pp. 1–44, as well as A. H. T. Levi, ‘The Neoplatonist Calculus : The Exploitation of Neoplatonist Themes in French Renaissance Literature’, in Humanism in France at the End of the Middle Ages and in the Early Renaissance, ed. id., New York, 1970, pp. 229–48. For Christian Platonism, see esp. D. P. Walker, ‘The Prisca Theologia in France’, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 17, 1954, pp. 204–59 and id., The Ancient Theology: Studies in Christian Platonism from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century, London, 1972.

  58. Augustine, De civitate Dei VIII.9.

  59. J. Hankins, Plato in the Italian Renaissance, 2 vols, Leiden, 1991, I, p. 7. For the importance of the Timaeus in Latin Europe and in the Renaissance, see id., Humanism and Platonism in the Italian Renaissance, 2 vols, Rome, 2004, II, pp. 18–21 and 93–142.

  60. Cited in C. S. Celenza, ‘The Revival of Platonic Philosophy’, in The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Philosophy, ed. J. Hankins, Cambridge, 2007, pp. 72–96 (77).

  61. According to Hankins, Plato in the Renaissance (n. 59 above), I, p. 311, Ficino’s translation retained its reputation well into the 19th century.

  62. Plato, Ἄπαντα…. Omnia… opera, Venice, in aedibus Aldo I Manuzio & Andrea I Torresano, 1513 (USTC 849832 [2o]); Plato, Φαίδων ἢ Περὶ ψυχής. Phaedo, sive De animo, Paris, apud Jean Loys, 1544 (USTC 206986 [4o]).

  63. Adrien Turnèbe, In Phaedonem Platonis De animorum immortalitate praefatio nunc primum luce donata, Paris, apud Fédéric Morel, 1595 (USTC 199119 [8o]).

  64. C. B. Schmitt, ‘L’Introduction de la philosophie platonicienne dans l’enseignement des universités à la Renaissance’, in Platon et Aristote à la Renaissance. XVIe Colloque international de Tours, Paris, 1976, pp. 93–104 (97).

  65. Turnèbe, Opera (n. 42 above), III, p. 49 : ‘…tamen cum exoriri soleant nonunquam ingenia, vel sic ad pravitatem profligata, vel ad impietatem projecta, ut libidini animi scelerati potius, quam veritate sincerae et incorruptae pietatis ducantur: adversus tam importuna hominum ingenia quae effatorum divinorum auctoritate nihil ad credendum impelluntur, quod reliquum est, ut aliquot modo muniti esse possimus, subsidio philosophiae nobis utendum est.’.

  66. Ibid.

  67. Ibid., p. 51.

  68. See D. T. Runia, Philo of Alexandria and the Timaeus of Plato, Leiden, 1986, p. 57 and n. 126, where he indicates that it was given a kind of hieratic or oracular status.

  69. Turnèbe, Opera (n. 42 above), III, pp. 46–8; Schmitt, ‘L’Introduction’ (n. 64 above), p. 97.

  70. Turnèbe, Opera (n. 42 above), III, p. 48: ‘Apud Platonem igitur accepimus rationem philosophandi fuisse triplicem: unam de vita et moribus, alteram de natura et rebus occultis, tertiam de disserendo, et quid verum falsumque sit, exquirendo.’

  71. Plutarch, De procreatione animi in Timaeo Platonis…, transl. Adrien Turnèbe, Cum privilegio Regis, Paris, Ex officina Adriani Turnebi Typographi Regis, 1552 (USTC 199459 [4o]).

  72. Plutarch, Περὶ τῆς ἐν Τιμαίῳ ψυχογονίας…. De procreatione animi in Timaeo Platonis, Paris, apud Guillaume Morel, 1552 (USTC 160460 [4o]).

  73. Plutarch, De procreatione animi in Timaeo Platonis (n. 72 above), f. 2r: ‘Explicanti mihi Timaeum Platonis, Petre Gallandi, quem in dialogum quicquid philosophorum princeps, id omne contulit, venit in mentem commentarium Plutarchi in procreationem animi, in Latinum convertere …’.

  74. Turnèbe, Opera (n. 42 above), I, pp. 218–36.

  75. Plutarch, Περὶ πρώτου ψυχροῦ…. De primo frigido, Paris, Adrien de Turnèbe, 1552; and Commentarius De primo frigido, Ex privilegio Regis, Paris, Ex officina Adriani Turnebi Typographi Regii, 1552 (USTC 151181 [4o], referring to both editions).

  76. Timaeus, 79C; 53C–54B–C; 55D–E. See J. Opsomer, ‘Plutarch on the Geometry of Elements’, in Natural Spectaculars: Aspects of Plutarch’s Philosophy of Nature, ed. M. Meeusen and L. Van der Stockt, Leuven, 2015, pp. 29–55, and P. Donini, ‘I fundamenti della fisica e la teoria delle cause in Plutarco’, in Commentary and Tradition. Aristotelianism, Platonism, and Post-Hellenistic Philosophy, ed. id. and M. Bonazzi, Berlin and New York, 2011, pp. 341–57.

  77. G. Boys-Stones, ‘Plutarch on the Probable Principle of Cold: Epistemology and the De primo frigido’, The Classical Quarterly, 47, 1997, pp. 227–38.

  78. See Schmitt, ‘L’Introduction’ (n. 64 above), and Grendler, Universities (n. 30 above).

  79. Hankins, Humanism and Platonism (n. 59 above), pp. 161–2; Ficino, Commentaria V perpetua in Platonem, Florence, Laurentius (Francisci) de Alopa, Venetus, 2 Dec. 1496 (USTC 995002).

  80. Celenza, ‘The Revival’ (n. 61 above), p. 85.

  81. Hermes Trismegistus, Ποιμάνδρης. Ἀσκληπιοῦ Ὅροι πρὸς Ἄμμωνα βασιλέα…. Poemander, seu De potestate ac sapientia divina. Aesculapii definitiones ad Ammonem regem, Typis regiis, Ex privilegio Regis, Paris, Apud Adr. Turnebum typographum Regium, 1554 (USTC 151542 [4o]).

  82. Hermes Trismegistus, Liber de potestate et sapientia Dei…, transl. Marsilio Ficino, Treviso, Gerardus de Lisa, de Flandria, 18 Dec. 1471 (USTC 994421). This was the first of Ficino’s works to be published and second in popularity only to his translation of Plato. Yet, according to M. J. B. Allen, ‘Marsilio Ficino, Hermes Trismegistus and the Corpus Hermeticum’, in id., Plato’s Third Eye. Studies in Marsilio Ficino’s Metaphysics and its Sources, Aldershot, 1995, § XII, pp. 38–47 (39, 47), despite Ficino’s interest in Hermetism, he never became – or at least remained – a ‘committed’ Hermetist, and the impact of the Corpus Hermeticum on his thought was early and limited.

  83. Lazarelli’s translation of the Definitiones was first printed in Symphorien Champier’s Liber de quadruplici vita, Lyons, industria Jannot Deschamps expensis Etienne Gueynard & Jacques Huguetan, 1507 (USTC 143270); cited in Walker, ‘The Prisca Theologia’ (n. 57 above), pp. 17–18.

  84. Details of these editions in Walker, ‘The Prisca Theologia’ (n. 57 above), pp. 207, n. 1 and 208, nn. 2 and 10.

  85. The only other 16th-century Greek printing was a bilingual Latin-Greek edition by François de Foix (Bordeaux, Simon Millanges 1574), who also issued a French translation of the text; see USTC 110031 (Latin-Greek), USTC 47639, and USTC 21005 (French).

  86. Hermes Trismegistus, Ποιμάνδρης (n. 81 above), sig. α2v; Turnèbe is probably referring here either to the Venice 1493 edition by Damianus de Mediolano (USTC 994417) or, more likely to the Venice 1517 edition by Pietro de Quaerengi (USTC 835642 and USTC 994416).

  87. Ibid., sigs α2v–α3r: ‘ἐοίκασι γὰρ τὰ καθ’ἡμᾶς ἐν ἐνίοις συνᾴδειν ὡς ἔστιν ἐν τῷ παρόντι εἰδέναι.’

  88. Plato refers to the Egyptian god Thoth in Phaedrus, 274C–275B.

  89. There was no agreement on this among scholars, and dating him to before Moses was less orthodox than the interpretation that he was a contemporary of Moses; see Walker, ‘The Prisca Theologia’ (n. 57 above), pp. 209–10.

  90. Hermes Trismegistus, Ποιμάνδρης (n. 82 above), sig. α4r: ‘Eν τριάδι μίαν ἐστί θεότητα …’ See Walker, ‘The Prisca Theologia’ (n. 58 above), pp. 208–9, n. 10.

  91. Even if the edition chronologically preceded that of the Pimander: Philo Judaeus, Εἰς τὰ τοῦ Μωσέως κοσμοποιητικά, ἱστορικά, νομοθετικά, τοῦ αὐτοῦ μονόβιβλα…. In libros Mosis De Mundi opificio, historicos, De legibus, eiusdem libri singulares, Ex Bibliotheca Regia, Regiis Typis. Ex privilegio Regis, Paris, Ex Officina Adriani Turnebi typographi Regii, 1552 (USTC 151178 [2o]).

  92. H. Chadwick, ‘Philo and the Beginnings of Christian Thought’, in The Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval Philosophy, ed. A. H. Armstrong, Cambridge, 1967, pp. 137–92 (138).

  93. Philo Judaeus, De vita Mosis libri III…, transl. Adrien Turnèbe, Paris: Apud Adrien de Turnèbe, 1554 (USTC 151492).

  94. Turnèbe, Opera (n. 42 above), II, pp. 105–6: ‘… Mosem non solum virtutis et religionis eximium doctorem… esse cogitarem… eius vitam Graece a Phlione scriptam Latine ut potui expressi, ut homines pii documentem vitae exemplumque haberet, et in profano scriptore recognoscerent…’; transl. by Lewis, Adrien Turnèbe (n. 1 above), p. 170.

  95. Philo Judaeus, Εἰς τὰ τοῦ Μωσέως (n. 91 above), sig. α iir–v.

  96. Ibid., sig. α iiv: ‘τήν τε θεολογίαν καὶ τὴν φιλοσοφίαν, ἀλλὰ συγγενεῖς ἢ μάλλον εἰπεῖν ἀδελφὰς οὔσας…’

  97. Ibid.: ‘… ἑλληνίζων ἅμα καὶ ἰουδαΐζων, φιλοσόφων τε καὶ θεολόγων’.

  98. Ibid.: ‘ὥστε παροιμιασθήναι ἢ Πλάτωνα Φιλωνίζειν ἢ Φίλωνα Πλατωνίζειν’, cited in Chadwick, ‘Philo and the Beginnings of Christian Thought’ (n. 92 above), pp. 155–6. Jerome (De viris illustribus 11) and several Greek Fathers quoted this saying.

  99. Philo Judaeus, Εἰς τὰ τοῦ Μωσέως (n. 91 above), sig. α iiv: ‘…οἵα γὰρ πρόαπολον θεολογίας παραλαβὼν τὴν Πλατωνικὴν μοῦσαν αὐτὴν εἴσω τῶν ἀδύτων εἰσδέχεται …’

  100. Runia, Philo of Alexandria (n. 68 above), p. 523.

  101. Aristotle and Philo Judaeus, Περὶ κόσμου, Paris, apud Josse Bade, [1526], (USTC 181003 [4o]). See also La France des humanistes. Hellénistes II, ed. J.-F. Maillard et al., Turnhout, 2010, pp. 432–4, and, for Budé’s Latin translation of the work, La France des humanistes. Hellénistes I, ed. J.-F. Maillard et al., Turnhout, 1999, pp. 59–60.

  102. Budé to Toussain, cited from La France des Humanistes. Hellénistes I (n. 101 above), p. 59: ‘… Siquidem Philo (quisquis hic fuit, qui librum de mundo scripsit: nam inclytum illum Philonem, qui Platonem facundia aequavisse dicitur, nequaquam eum fuisse mihi persuadeo), disserendo de mundo, deque eius interitu, aut aeternitate constituendo, non tam Hebraicae philosophiae alumnus, mea quidem sententia, quam Graecorum assectator esse viderique meditatus est.’ .

  103. Hankins, Humanism and Platonism (n. 59 above), I, p. 22.

  104. Levi, ‘The Neoplatonist Calculus’ (n. 57 above), p. 233.

  105. Synesius of Cyrene, Περὶ βασιλείας, εἰς τὸν αὐτοκράτορα Ἀρκάδιον … De regno ad Arcadium …, Ex Bibliotheca Regia, Ex privilegio Regis, Paris, Ex officina Adriani Turnebi typographi Regii, 1553 (USTC 151391 [2o]).

  106. There were Latin editions by Froben (1515), Bade (1523), Sassenus (1544), Tournes (1549).

  107. Justin Martyr, Opera omnia, Paris, 1554, as cited in La France des Humanistes. Hellénistes I (n. 101 above), p. 413: ‘Deinde ut maiorem in illa librorum numerum fuisse demus, cui dubium est, quin cum in rerum comparatione genus numero sit anteponendum, haec illam longe multumque superatura sit? Complurium quidem philosophorum et medicorum atque mathematicorum scriptis illis fortassis abundavit: sed si in contentionem veniat, utri anteponendi sint, illine, an Theologiae scriptores, quibus scripserunt, affluit, non est obscurum utros anteponere debeamus. In ea autem sunt cum eius generis Graeci innumerabiles, qui nondum prolati sunt in lucem, tum Eusebii Caesariensis Historia Ecclesiastica, De praeparatione et demonstratione Evangelica libri, Sozomenisque et Socratis atque Evagrii ac Theodoriti Historiae Ecclesiasticae, Synesiusque ac Philo et Justinus philosophus ac martyr, qui editi sunt: quorum alii alios jam ad nostrum cognitionem transtulerunt …’.

  108. J. Bregman, Synesius of Cyrene: Philosopher-Bishop, Berkeley, 1982, pp. 5–8.

  109. Ibid, p. 11.

  110. Synesius of Cyrene, Περὶ βασιλείας (n. 105 above), sig. *2r: ‘τῆς ἑλληνικῆς δαιμονομανίας ἀπαλλαγεὶς τὰ τῶν Χριστιανῶν ἐμυήθη, καὶ τὴν καλὴν λαβὴν ἐλήφθη οὐδὲν τῆς ἀποστολικῆς παραδόσεως καὶ τῶν θείων λογίων καὶ τῆς ἀληθινῆς θεοσεβείας προυτίμησε …’

  111. Apollinaris of Laodicea, Mετάφρασις τοῦ Ψαλτῆρος, διὰ στίχων ἡρωïκῶν…. Interpretatio Psalmorum, versibus heroicis, Paris, apud Adrien Turnèbe, 1552 (USTC 151004 [8o]).

  112. C. E. Raven, Apollinarianism: An Essay on the Christology of the Early Church, Cambridge, 1923, pp. 155, 157.

  113. Gregory Palamas, Προσωποποιΐαι, χαρακτῆρι μικτῷ, διαλογικῷ, καὶ μάλιστα δικανικωτέρῳ, τίνας ἂν εἴποι λόγοις, ἡ μὲν ψυχὴ κατὰ σώματος, δικαζομένη μετ’ αὐτοῦ ἐν δικασταῖς, τὸ δὲ σῶμα κατ’ αὐτῆς, καὶ τῶν δικαστῶν ἀπόφασις. Per fictionem personarum orationes duae iudiciales mentis corpus accusantis et corporis contra se defendentis itemque iudicum sententia, Ex Bibliotheca Regia, Paris, Ex Adr. Turnebi typographi Regis officina, 1553 (USTC 151363 [4o]); editio princeps et unica.

  114. Gregory Palamas, Orationes duae judiciales; mentis et corporis prosopopoeia itemque judicum sententia, Paris, Guillaume Morel, 1553 (USTC 154208 [4o]); also editio princeps et unica for the 16th century.

  115. J. Meyendorff, St Gregory Palamas and Orthodox Spirituality, transl. A. Friske, New York, 1998, pp. 71–124.

  116. Runia, Philo of Alexandria (n. 68 above), p. 550: ‘Philo has been called the Father of Arianism’.

  117. Clement of Rome, Περὶ τῶν πράξεων ἐπιδημιῶν τε καὶ κηρυγμάτων τοῦ ἁγίου Πέτρου ἐπιτομὴ πρὸς Ἰάκωβον ἐπίσκοπον Ἱεροσολύμων…. De rebus gestis peregrinationibus atque concionibus sancti Petri epitome ad Jacobum Hierosolymoroum episcopum, Ex privilegio Regis, Paris, Apud Adrianum Turnebum typographum Regium, 1555 (USTC 151704 [8o]) and Clement of Rome, De rebus gestis, peregrinationibus, atque concionibus sancti Petri epitome. Clementis vita, Paris, apud Guillaume Morel, 1555 (USTC 160564 [8o]).

  118. See Lewis, Adrien Turnèbe (n. 1 above), p. 140.

  119. See the entry on him in Contemporaries of Erasmus: A Biographical Register of the Renaissance and Reformation, III, Toronto, 1987, pp. 142–4.

  120. H. De Vocht, History of the Foundation and the Rise of the Collegium Trilingue Lovaniense 1517–1550, 4 vols, Louvain, 1951–5, I, pp. 277–83; II, 99–101, 316–23, 331–3; III, p. 129.

  121. A. F. Van Iseghem, Biographie de Thierry Martens d’Alost, prémier imprimeur de la Belgique, Mechelen and Alost, 1852, pp. 106–8; De Vocht, History (n. 120 above), II, pp. 621–4.

  122. De Vocht, History (n. 120 above), III, pp. 125–30.

  123. Armstrong, Robert Estienne, (n. 8 above), pp. 149–50.

  124. For Estienne’s editorial work, see La France des Humanistes. Robert et Charles Estienne. Des imprimeurs pedagogues, ed. B. Boudou, Turnhout, 2009.

  125. Armstrong, Robert Estienne (n. 8 above), pp. 127, 131.

  126. Ibid, pp. 132–5, and Levi, ‘The Neoplatonist Calculus’ (n. 57 above), p. 232.

  127. Armstrong, Robert Estienne (n. 8 above), p. 129.

  128. See n. 107 above.

  129. Armstrong, Robert Estienne (n. 8 above), p. 127.

  130. Ibid., pp. 149–50, and McNeil, Guillaume Budé (n. 5 above), p. 89.

  131. McNeil, Guillaume Budé (n. 5 above), p. 91.

  132. For his editorial work, see La France des Humanistes. Hellénistes I (n. 101 above).

  133. J-F. Maillard, ‘De la philologie à la philosophie. Les carnets inédits de Guillaume Budé’, in Les Origines du Collège de France (1500–1560), ed. M. Fumaroli, Paris, 1998, pp. 19–42 (30–1).

  134. Philo Judaeus, Εἰς τὰ τοῦ Μωσέως (n. 91 above), sig. α iir: ‘Tαύτης δὲ τῆς εὐεργεσίας οὐ μόνον ὀφειλέται σοὶ οἱ ἡμέτεροι κελτοὶ τυγχάνουσιν, ἀλλὰ ἅπαντες οἱ ἀλλοδαποὶ καὶ ξένοι ἐξ’ἁπάσης σχεδὸν τῆς οἰκουμένης τοῖς τῆς κοσμοπόλεως ταύτης ἐπιδημοῦντες μουσείοις ….’

  135. It is worth noting that the most notorious anti-Aristotelian of Turnèbe’s age, Peter Ramus, had also been a student of Toussain.

  136. See N. Constantinidou, ‘Reconsidering the Popularity of the Greek Classics in the Sixteenth Century: General Trends and French Preferences’, forthcoming.

  137. W. L. Gundersheimer, The Life and Works of Louis Le Roy, Geneva, 1966.

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    Natasha Constantinidou

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*I would like to thank Jean-François Maillard for his valuable advice, as well as the librarians of St John’s College, Oxford (Stuart Tiley); Christ Church College, Oxford; Balliol College, Oxford; Merton College, Oxford; and Leiden University Library, for their help. The final stages of the writing of this article were helped by an Institute of Medieval and Early Modern Studies (University of Durham) Fellowship. The volume on Turnèbe and Morel’s editions and prefaces was not yet published at the time this article was written but will be an important contribution to understanding their scholarship: La France des Humanistes. Adrien Turnèbe et Guillaume Morel, médecins des textes, médecins des âmes, ed. M. Barral-Baron and J. Kecskemeti, Turnhout, forthcoming in 2018. Unless otherwise stated, most of the information regarding the editions discussed below is based on the USTC (Universal Short Title Catalogue, www.ustc.ac.uk).

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Constantinidou, N. Constructions of Hellenism Through Printing and Editorial Choices: The Case of Adrien de Turnèbe, Royal Lecturer and Printer in Greek (1512–1565)*. Int class trad 25, 262–284 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12138-018-0470-1

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