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Ameliorative effect of ferulic acid on thyroid dysfunction against propyl-thiouracil induced hypothyroid rats

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Abstract

Purpose

Hypothyroidism is an endocrine disorder characterised by decreased T3, T4 and increased TSH levels. This study aims to examine the potential effects of Ferulic acid (FA) on rats with hypothyroidism induced by propylthiouracil through the estimation of biochemical parameters and histopathological studies.

Methods

Twenty-five female wistar rats were allocated into five groups: Control group [1% CMC, p.o.], Disease group [PTU-50 mg/kg, p.o.], [Levothyroxine (LT4) group - 20 µg/kg, p.o. + PTU-50 mg/kg, p.o.], [FA -25 mg/kg, p.o. + PTU-50 mg/kg, p.o.] and [FA 50 mg/kg, p.o. + PTU-50 mg/kg, p.o.]. On 15th day blood was collected and serum was separated for estimation of biochemical parameters, liver and kidney homogenate was utilised for the estimation of oxidative stress markers and the thyroid gland was dissected to examine histological features.

Results

PTU administration for 14 days showed a substantial decline in T3 and T4 and increases in TSH levels. PTU-administered rats significantly increased TC, TG and LDL levels, and decreased HDL levels. AST, ALT, urea, creatinine, and IL-6 were determined and these levels were significantly altered in PTU-induced hypothyroid group. In hypothyroid rats MDA, NO, GSH and SOD levels were significantly altered. However, treatment with FA for 14 days attenuated PTU-induced alterations. Furthermore, FA improves the histological changes of the thyroid gland.

Conclusion

In conclusion, FA treatment showed a protective effect against hypothyroidism by stimulating the thyroid hormones through the activation of thyroid peroxidase enzyme and improving thyroid function. In addition, FA diminished the increase in lipids, liver and kidney markers, oxidative stress and inflammation.

Graphical Abstract

Highlights

  • Hypothyroidism induced by PTU is ameliorated by ferulic acid in rats

  • Ferulic acid showed a protective effect on thyroid hormones and lipid profile

  • Ferulic acid inhibits oxidative stress and inflammation

  • Ferulic acid improved the structure and integrity of the thyroid gland

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Abbreviations

PTU:

Propylthiouracil

FA:

Ferulic acid

FA-25:

Ferulic acid 25 mg/kg

FA-50:

Ferulic acid 50 mg/kg

LT4:

Levothyroxine

CMC:

Carboxyl methyl cellulose

FA:

Ferulic acid

T3:

Tri-iodothyronine

T4:

Tetra-iodothyronine

TSH:

Thyroid stimulation Hormone

TPO:

Thyroid peroxidase

TG:

Triglycerides

ALT:

Alanine aminotransferase

LDL:

Low-density lipoprotein

TC:

Total Cholesterol

HDL:

High-density lipoprotein

AST:

Aspartate aminotransferase

LPO:

Lipid peroxidation

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

Veh:

Vehicle

GSH:

Reduced glutathione

NO:

Nitric oxide

Ab:

Antibody

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

IL:

Interleukin

ELISA:

Enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their gratitude to the management of Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy for providing facilities for completion this project.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacology, Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy (SVCP) - Vishnupur, West Godavari, Bhimavaram, 534202, Andhra Pradesh, India

    Suma Rongala, Aravinda Sai Kolusu, Madhuri Suma Jakkamsetti, Pavan Kumar Samudrala & Bhanu Prakash Arakareddy

  2. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy (SVCP) - Vishnupur, West Godavari, Bhimavaram, 534202, Andhra Pradesh, India

    Sujit Kumar Mohanty

Authors
  1. Suma Rongala
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  2. Aravinda Sai Kolusu
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  3. Madhuri Suma Jakkamsetti
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  4. Sujit Kumar Mohanty
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  5. Pavan Kumar Samudrala
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  6. Bhanu Prakash Arakareddy
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Aravinda Sai Kolusu and Suma Rongala. Bhanu Prakash Arakareddy and Pavan Kumar Samudrala investigated and supervised the study. Aravinda Sai Kolusu and Sujit Kumar Mohanty were performed the formal statistical analysis. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Suma Rongala and reviewed by Aravinda Sai Kolusu, Bhanu Prakash Arakareddy and Pavan Kumar Samudrala. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Bhanu Prakash Arakareddy.

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Rongala, S., Kolusu, A.S., Jakkamsetti, M.S. et al. Ameliorative effect of ferulic acid on thyroid dysfunction against propyl-thiouracil induced hypothyroid rats. Endocrine (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-024-03818-z

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