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Different Phenotypes in Asthma: Clinical Findings and Experimental Animal Models

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Abstract

Asthma is a respiratory allergic disease presenting a high prevalence worldwide, and it is responsible for several complications throughout life, including death. Fortunately, asthma is no longer recognized as a unique manifestation but as a very heterogenic manifestation. Its phenotypes and endotypes are known, respectively, as pathologic and molecular features that might not be directly associated with each other. The increasing number of studies covering this issue has brought significant insights and knowledge that are constantly expanding. In this review, we intended to summarize this new information obtained from clinical studies, which not only allowed for the creation of patient clusters by means of personalized medicine and a deeper molecular evaluation, but also created a connection with data obtained from experimental models, especially murine models. We gathered information regarding sensitization and trigger and emphasizing the most relevant phenotypes and endotypes, such as Th2-high asthma and Th2-low asthma, which included smoking and obesity-related asthma and mixed and paucigranulocytic asthma, not only in physiopathology and the clinic but also in how these phenotypes can be determined with relative similarity using murine models. We also further investigated how clinical studies have been treating patients using newly developed drugs focusing on specific biomarkers that are more relevant according to the patient’s clinical manifestation of the disease.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Sao Paulo State Research Foundation (FAPESP-Process 2018/06088-0), the National Council for Technologic and Scientific Development (CNPq-Process 303035/2018-8), and the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001 for financial support.

Funding

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnologico, Grant/Award Numbers: 303035/2018–8; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Grant/Award Number: financial code 001; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, Grant/Award Numbers: 2018/06088–0.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Campus Baixada Santista, Santos, SP, Brazil

    Luiz Otávio Lourenço, Alessandra Mussi Ribeiro & Carla Máximo Prado

  2. Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Fernanda Degobbi Tenório Quirino dos Santos Lopes, Iolanda de Fátima Lopes Calvo Tibério & Carla Máximo Prado

  3. Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Wothan Tavares-de-Lima

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  2. Alessandra Mussi Ribeiro
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  3. Fernanda Degobbi Tenório Quirino dos Santos Lopes
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  4. Iolanda de Fátima Lopes Calvo Tibério
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  5. Wothan Tavares-de-Lima
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  6. Carla Máximo Prado
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All the authors have drafted the manuscript and revised and approved the final version.

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Correspondence to Carla Máximo Prado.

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Lourenço, L.O., Ribeiro, A., Lopes, F.D.T.Q.d. et al. Different Phenotypes in Asthma: Clinical Findings and Experimental Animal Models. Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol 62, 240–263 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-021-08894-x

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