Summary
The understanding of the genetic controls that lead to the development of asthma is essential to its proper diagnosis and management. As we enter the 21 st century, the goals of genetic research in asthma and allergies will be to: 1) identify genetic factors, 2) define environmental cofactors, 3) characterize how genes and the environment work together to cause disease, 4) develop treatment and prevention measures, including drugs designed for the individual's genetic make-up.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Unger, L. The history of bronchial asthma. In: Unger L (ed.) Brochial Asthma. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas, 1945; pp. 10–34.
Blumenthal MN. Historical perspectives. In: Blumenthal, MN, Björkstén B (eds.) Genetics of Allergy and Asthma. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1997; pp. 1–18.
Rich SS. Human genetics. In: Blumenthal, MN, Björkstén B (eds.) Genetics of Allergy and Asthma. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1997 pp. 19–47.
Edlin G (ed.) Human genetics. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 1990 pp. 86–101.
The National Human Genome Research Institute. From Maps to Medicine: About the Human Genome Research Project. http://www.nhgri.nih.gov/Policy_and_public_affairs/
Silverstein, M. A History of Immunology. San Diego: Academic Press, 1989.
Hansen T, Sachs D. The major histocompatibility complex. In: Paul WE (ed.) Fundamental Immunology, 2nd ed, New York: Raven Press, 1989; pp. 445–448.
McDevitt HO, Chinitz A. Science 1969; 163:1207–1208.
Benacerraf B, Germain RN. Immunol Rev 1978;38:70–119.
Major RH. A History of Medicine, vol. 2, Springfield: Charles C. Thomas, 1954.
Meltzer SJ. JAMA 1910;55:1021–1024.
Ishizaka K, Ishizaka T. J Allergy 1966;37:169–185.
Cooke RA, Vander Veer A. J Immunol 1916;1:201–305.
Marsh D, Blumenthal MN (eds.) Genetic and Environmental Factors in Clinical Allergy. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990.
World Health Organization. Bull World Health Org 1975;52:251–260.
National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993.
Coca AF, Cooke RA. J Immunol 1923;8:163–182.
Blumenthal M. Epidemiology and genetics of asthma and allergy, Kaplan A. (ed.). In: Allergy, W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA 1997, pp. 407–420.
Jackola D, Pierson-Mullany L, Corazalla E, et al. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 103(1,2):S2(8).
Slavin R. Upper respiratory tract. In: Middleton E, Reed C, Ellis E, et al. (eds). Allergy: Principles and Practice. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book, Inc., 1998; pp. 242–260.
Jackola D, Pierson-Mullany L, Corazalla E, et al. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 103(1,2):S177(678).
Kita H, Adolphson C, Gleich G. Biology of eosinophils. In: Middleton E, Reed C, Ellis, E, et al. (eds.) Allergy: Principles and Practice. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book, Inc., 1998; pp. 242–260.
Fish, J. Peters, S. Current overview and unresolved issues. In: Bronchil Asthma, 3rd edition, Weiss EB, Stein M (eds.) Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1993; pp. 1194–1200
Bleecker ER, Meyers DA. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness and regulation of total serum IgE leyels. In: Blumenthal MN, Björkstén B (eds.) Genetics of Allergy and Asthma. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1997; pp. 307–325.
Blumenthal M. Principles of genetics. In: Middleton E, Reed C, Ellis E, et al. (eds.) Allergy: Principles and Practice. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book, Inc., 1998; pp. 28–39.
Blumenthal M. Genetics of asthma, allergy and related conditions, In: Blumenthal MN, Björkstén B (eds.) Genetics of Allergy and Asthma. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1997;327–356.
Johnson ML (2001) Clin Rev Allerg Immunol 22(1): in press.
Rosenwasser LJ, Klemm DJ, Dresback JK, et al. Clin Exp Allergy 1995;25:74–78.
Doull IJ, Lawrence S, Watson M, et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;153: 1280–1284.
Hobbs KJ, Negri J, Klinnert M, et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998; 158–162.
Dewar JC, Wilkinson J, Wheatley A, et al. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997;100:261–265.
Trabbetti E, Patuzzo C, Malerba G, et al. J Med Genet 1999;36:3223–3225.
Palmer J, Rye P, Givbson N, et al. Clin Exp Allergy 1999;29:1555–1562.
Palmer LJ, Pare PD, Faux J, et al. Am J Hum Genet 1997;61:182–188.
Gao P, Mao X, Jouanguy E, et al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999;263:425–429.
Mitsuyasu H, Izuhara K, Mao X, et al. Nat. Genet 1998; 19–20.
Mitsuyasu H, Yanagihara Y, Mao XQ, et al. J Immunol 1999;162:1227–1231.
Kruse S, Japha T, Tedner M, et al Immunology 1999;96:365–371.
Ulbrecht M, Eisenhut T, Bonisch T, et al. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997;99:828–836.
Los H, Koppelman GH, Postma DS. Eur Respir J 1999;14:1210–1227.
Koppelman GH, Stine OC, Howard TD, et al. Am J Hum Genet 1998;63(S):1705.
Daniels SE, Bhattacharrya S, James AJ, et al. Nature 1996;383:250.
Wjst M, Fischer G, Immervoll T, et al. Genomics 1999;58:1–8.
The Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Asthma (CSGA). Nat Genet 1997; 26:389–392.
Blumenthal MN, Drury D, Blumenthal JE, et al. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996; 97:416.
Cookson WOCM, Sharp PA, Faux JA, et al. Lancet 1989;1:1292–1295.
Hershey GKK, Friedrich MF, Essewein LA, Thomas ML, Chatila TA. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1720–1725.
Deichmann KA, Heinzmann A, Forster J, et al. Clin Exp Allergy 1998;28: 151–155.
Ober C, Leavitt SA, Tsalenko A, et al. Am J Hum Genet 2000;66(2):517–526.
Rosenwasser L. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1766–1767.
Blumenthal M, Bleecker ER, Barnes K, et al. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 103:S174(665).
Howell WM, Holgate ST. Thorax 1995;50:815–818.
Liggett SB. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 2000;161:S197-S201.
Liggett, S. JACI 2000;105:S487-S492.
Holberg C, Halonen M, Wright A, Martinez F. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 1999; 160:1604–1610.
Martinez F, Solomon S, Holberg C, et al. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 1998;158: 1739–1744.
Palmer L, Burton P. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 1999;162:1999–2000.
Varadarajulu S, Helm T, Mellen BG, Blumenthal MN. Relative risk for asthma in frist-degree relatives. Unpublished observations.
Lane S, Arm J, Staynov D, Lee T. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1994;11:42–48.
Hall I. Clin Exp Allergy 1998;28:S16-S20.
Cox NJ, Xu J, Beaty TH, et al. Am J Human Genet 1998;157:A855.
Ober C, Cox N, Abney M. Hum Mol Genet 1998;7:1393–1398.
Björkstén B. Allergy 1999;54:49:S17-S23.
Hertzen LC. QJM 1998;91:767–771.
Romagnani S. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;105(3):399–408.
Ott J, Hoh J. Am J Huma Genetics 2000;67:289–294.
Nyholt D. Am J Hum Genetics 2000;67:282–288.
Drazen J, Silverman E. Intl Arch Allergy Immunol 1999;118:275–278.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Blumenthal, M.M. What we know about the genetics of asthma at the beginning of the 21st century. Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol 22, 11–31 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-002-0003-0
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-002-0003-0