Abstract
The purpose of the study was to determine the concentration of serum trace and other essential elements of generalized anxiety disorder patients and to find out the relationship between element levels and nutritional status or socioeconomic factors. The study was conducted among 50 generalized anxiety disorder patients and 51 healthy volunteers. Patients were selected and recruited in the study with the help of a clinical psychologist by random sampling. The concentrations of serum trace elements (Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe) and other two essential elements (Ca and Mg) were determined by graphite furnace and flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Data were analyzed by independent t test, Pearson’s correlation analysis, regression analysis, and analysis of variance. The serum concentrations of Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Ca, and Mg in generalized anxiety disorder patients were 1.069 ± 0.40, 1.738 ± 0.544, 1.374 ± 0.750, 3.203 ± 2.065, 108.65 ± 54.455, and 21 ± 4.055 mg/L, while those were 1.292 ± 0.621, 0.972 ± 0.427, 0.704 ± 0.527, 1.605 ± 1.1855, 101.849 ± 17.713, and 21.521 ± 3.659 mg/L in control subjects. Significantly decreased (p < 0.05) serum Zn concentration was found in the patient group compared to the control group while serum level of Cu, Mn, and Fe was significantly (p < 0.05) higher, but the differences of the concentration of Ca and Mg between the patient and control groups were not significant (p > 0.05). Socioeconomic data revealed that most of the patients were in the lower middle class group and middle-aged. Mean BMI of the control group (23.63 ± 3.91 kg/m2) and the patient group (23.62 ± 3.77 kg/m2) was within the normal range (18.5–25.0 kg/m2). The data obtained from different interelement relations in the generalized anxiety disorder patients and control group strongly suggest that there is a disturbance in the element homeostasis. So changes in the serum trace element level in generalized anxiety disorder patients occur independently and they may provide a prognostic tool for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Torpy JM, Burke AE, Golub RM (2011) Generalized anxiety disorder. JAMA 305(5):522
Firoz AHM, Karim ME, Alam MF, Rahman AHMM, Zaman MM (2006) Prevalence, medical care, awareness and attitude towards mental illness in Bangladesh. Bangladesh J Psychiatry 20(1):9–31
Wittchen HU, Zhao S, Kessler RC (1994) DSM-III-R generalized anxiety disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51:355–364
Massion AO, Warshaw MG, Keller MB (1993) Quality of life and psychiatric morbidity in panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Am J Psychiatry 150:600–607
Sathyanarayana R, Luigi Z, Jagannatha R (2007) Trace metals, neuromelanin and neurodegeneration: an interesting area for research. Indian J Psychiatr 49(3):154–156
Clayman CB (ed) (1989) The American Medical Association encyclopedia of medicine. Random House, New York, pp 396, 605–752
Muralidhar LH (2004) Serum trace element levels and the complexity of inter-element relations in patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Trace Elem Med Biol 18:163–171
Wallwork JC (1987) Cu and central nervous system. Program Food NutrSci 11:203–247
Yanik M, Kocyigit A, Tutkun H, Vural H, Herken H (2004) Plasma manganese, selenium, zinc, copper, and iron concentrations in patients with schizophrenia. Biol Trace Elem Res 98(2):109–117
Vallee B, Coleman J, Auld D (1991) Zinc fingers, zinc clusters, and zinc twists in DNA-binding protein domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88:999–1003
Chesters J, Petrie L, Travis A (1990) A requirement for Zn2+ for the induction of thymidine kinase but not ornithine decarboxylase in 3T3 cells stimulated from quiescence. Biochem J 272:525–527
Xie X, Smart TG (1991) A physiological role for endogenous zinc in rat hippocampal synaptic neurotransmission. Nature 349:521–524
Smart TG, Constanti A (1990) Differential effect of zinc on the vertebrate GABA receptor complex. Br J Pharmacol 199:643–654
Narang RL, Gupta KR, Narang HP, Singh R (1991) Levels of copper and zinc in depression. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 35(4):272–274
Liccione JJ, Maines MD (1988) Selective vulnerability of glutathione metabolism and cellular defense mechanisms in rat striatum to manganese. ASPET 247(1):156–161
Pfeiffer CC, LaMola S (1983) Zinc and manganese in the schizophrenias. J Orthomol Psychiatry 12(3):28–48
Bowler RM, Harris M, Gocheva V, Wilson K, Kim Y, Davis SI, Bollweg G, Lobdell DT, Ngo L, Roels HA (2012) Anxiety affecting parkinsonian outcome and motor efficiency in adults of an Ohio community with environmental airborne manganese exposure. Int J Hyg Environ Health 215(3):393–405
Cox IM, Campbell MJ, Dowson D (1991) Red blood cell magnesium and chronic fatigue syndrome. Lancet 337:757–760
Grases G, Pérez-Castelló JA, Sanchis P, Casero A, Perelló J, Isern B, Rigo E, Grases F (2006) Anxiety and stress among science students. Study of calcium and magnesium alterations. Magnes Res 19(2):102–106
Lidow MS (2003) Calcium signaling dysfunction in schizophrenia: a unifying approach. Brain Res Rev 43(3):285
Seelig SM (1994) Consequences of magnesium deficiency on the enhancement of stress reactions; preventive and therapeutic implications. J Am Coll Nutr 13(5):429–446
Carroll D, Ring C, Suter M (2000) The effects of an oral multivitamin combination with calcium, magnesium, and zinc on psychological well-being in healthy young male volunteers: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Psychopharmacol (Berl) 150:220–225
Shohag H, Ullah A, Qusar S, Rahman M, Hasnat A (2012) Alterations of serum zinc, copper, manganese, iron, calcium, and magnesium concentrations and the complexity of interelement relations in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder. Biol Trace Elem Res 148:275–280
NCCLS (1997) Control of pre-analytical variation in trace element determination. Nat Committ Clin Lab Stand Appr Guid 17:1–30
Nahar Z, Azad MAK, Rahman MA, Rahman MA, Bari W, Islam SN, Islam MS, Hasnat A (2010) Comparative analysis of serum manganese, zinc, calcium, copper and magnesium level in panic disorder patients. Biol Trace Elem Res 133(3):243–363
Karim P, Hossain I, Sadat AFMN, Nahar Z, Hossain K, Hasnat A (2006) Serum level of cadmium, calcium, lead and iron in schizophrenic patients. Dhaka Univ J Pharm Sci 5(1–2):9–13
Baker A, Sadat AFMN, Rahman L, Qusar S, Huq I, Hossain I, Hasnat A (2005) Serum trace elements in manic patients. Dhaka Univ J Pharm Sci 4(2):99–102
Bergquist J, Bergquist S, Axelsson R, Ekman R (1993) Demonstration of immunoglobulin G with affinity for dopamine in cerebrospinal fluid from psychotic patients. Clin Chim Acta 217(2):129–142
Woodman CL (1993) The genetics of panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Ann Clin Psychiatry 5(4):231–239
Wacker WE, Parisi AF (1968) Magnesium metabolism. NEJM 278(14):772–776
Maes M, Haese PC, Scharpe S, Hondt P, Cosyns P, Broe ME (1994) Hypozincemia in depression. J Affect Disord 31(2):135–140
Hossain I, Islam SN, Khan MNI, Islam S, Hasnat A (2007) Serum level of copper, zinc and manganese in somatization disorder patients. Ger J Psychiatr 10:41–45
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Islam, M.R., Ahmed, M.U., Mitu, S.A. et al. Comparative Analysis of Serum Zinc, Copper, Manganese, Iron, Calcium, and Magnesium Level and Complexity of Interelement Relations in Generalized Anxiety Disorder Patients. Biol Trace Elem Res 154, 21–27 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-013-9723-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-013-9723-7