Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Development of environmentally friendly, antifouling coatings based on tethered quaternary ammonium salts in a crosslinked polydimethylsiloxane matrix

  • Published:
Journal of Coatings Technology and Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The concept of tethering quaternary ammonium salts (QASs) to a crosslinked polysiloxane matrix to produce a hybrid antifouling/fouling-release coating was investigated. A statistical experimental design was used to determine the effect of QAS concentration on biocidal activity toward a marine bacterium, Cellulophaga lytica (C. lytica). In addition to measuring biocidal activity, coating film quality as well as stability upon water immersion were evaluated. The results of the study showed that biocidal activity was strongly dependent on QAS concentration. For addition-curable coatings, the presence of 4 wt% QAS moieties resulted in approximately 50% reduction in C. lytica biofilm retention without any leachate toxicity. Attempts to increase the level of QAS moieties to increase biocidal activity resulted in coating delamination from the substrate and unacceptable film quality upon artificial seawater immersion due to excessive swelling. As a result, a moisture-curable system based on tethered QASs was investigated since moisture curing allows for higher crosslink densities to be achieved which would be expected to minimize swelling upon artificial seawater immersion. The moisture-curable coating developed showed enhanced stability upon artificial seawater immersion, greater than 80% reduction in C. lytica biofilm retention, and greater than 90% reduction in biofilm growth for the marine algae, Navicula incerta.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Yebra, DM, Kiil, S, Dam-Johansen, K (2004) Antifouling Technology-Past, Present and Future Steps Towards Efficient and Environmentally Friendly Antifouling Coatings. Prog. Org. Coat., 50, 75–104

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Rascio, VJD (2000) Antifouling Coatings: Where Do We Go From Here. Corrosion Reviews, 18, 133–154

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Cooney, JJ, Tang, RJ (1999) Quantifying Effects of Antifouling Paints on Microbial Biofilm Formation. Meth. Enzymol., 310, 637–645

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Majumdar, P, Ekin, A, Webster, DC (2007) Thermoset Siloxane-Urethane Fouling Release Coatings. ACS Symposium Series (Smart Coatings), 957, 61–75

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Callow, ME, Fletcher, RL (1994) The Influence of Low Surface Energy Materials on Bioadhesion - a Review. Int. Biodeter. Biodegr., 34, 333–348

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Abarzua, S, Jakubowsky, S (1995) Biotechnological Investigation for the Prevention of Biofouling. I. Biological and Biochemical Principles for the Prevention of Biofouling. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 123, 301–312

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Sauvet, G, Fortuniak, W, Kazmierski, K, Chojnowski, J (2003) Amphiphilic Block and Statistical Siloxane Copolymers with Antimicrobial Activity. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem., 41(19), 2939–2948

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Gottenbos, B, Busscher, HJ, van der Mei, HC, Nieuwenhuis, P (2002) Pathogenesis and Prevention of Biomaterial Centered Infections. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 13(8), 717–722

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Gottenbos, B, van der Mei, HC, Klatter, F, Nieuwenhuis, P, Busscher, HJ (2002) In vitro and in vivo Antimicrobial Activity of Covalently Coupled Quaternary Ammonium Silane Coatings on Silicone Rubber. Biomaterials, 23(6), 1417–1423

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Lenoir, S, Pagnoulle, C, Detrembleur, C, Galleni, M, Jerome, R, “Antimicrobial Activity of Polystyrene Particles Coated by Photo-Crosslinked Block Copolymers Containing a Biocidal Polymethacrylate Block.” e-Polymers, 074 (2005)

  11. Sauvet, G, Dupond, S, Kazmierski, K, Chojnowski, J (2000) Biocidal Polymers Active by Contact. II. Biological Evaluation of Polyurethane Coatings with Pendant Quaternary Ammonium Salts. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 75(8), 1005–1012

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Nurdin, N, Helary, G, Sauvet, G (1993) Biocidal Polymers Active by Contact. II. Biological Evaluation of Polyurethane Coatings with Pendant Quaternary Ammonium Salts. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 50, 663–670

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Hazziza-Laskar, J, Nurdin, N, Helary, G, Sauvet, G (1993) Biocidal Polymers Active by Contact. I. Synthesis of Polybutadiene with Pendant Quaternary Ammonium Groups. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 50, 651–662

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Hazziza-Laskar, J, Helary, G, Sauvet, G (1995) Biocidal Polymers Active by Contact. IV. Polyurethanes Based on Polysiloxanes with Pendant Primary Alcohols and Quaternary Ammonium Groups. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 58, 77–84

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Tashiro, T (2001) Antibacterial and Bacterium Adsorbing Macromolecules. Macromol. Mater. Eng., 286, 63–87

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Nakagawa, Y, Hayashi, H, Tawaratani, T, Kourai, H, Horie, T, Shibasaki, I (1984) Disinfection of Water with Quaternary Ammonium Salts Insolubilized on a Porous Glass Surface. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 47, 513–518

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Tiller, JC, Liao, C-J, Lewis, K, Klibanov, AM (2001) Designing Surfaces That Kill Bacteria on Contact. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 98(11), 5981–5985

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Brady, RF Jr (1999) Properties Which Influence Marine Fouling Resistance in Polymers Containing Silicon and Fluorine. Prog. Org. Coat., 35, 31–35

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Zhang Newby, BM, Chaudhury, MK (1997) Effect of Interfacial Slippage on Viscoelastic Adhesion. Langmuir, 13, 1805–1809

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Zhang Newby, BM, Chaudhury, MK, Brown, HR (1995) Macroscopic Evidence of The Effect of Interfacial Slippage on Adhesion. Science, 269(5529), 1407–1409

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Kohl, JG, Singer, IL (1999) Pull-off Behavior of Epoxy Bonded to Silicone Duplex Coatings. Prog. Org. Coat., 36, 15–20

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Anderson, MJ, Whitcomb, PJ (1996) Optimization of Paint Formulations Made Easy with Computer-Aided Design of Experiments for Mixtures. JCT Coatings Tech., 68(856), 71–75

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Anderson, MJ, Whitcomb, PJ (1998) Find the Most Favorable Formulations. Chem. Eng. Prog., 94(4), 63–67

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Anderson, MJ, Whitcomb, PJ (2000) Design Experiments That Combine Mixture Components with Process Factors. Chem. Eng. Prog., 96(12), 27–31

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Stafslien, SJ, Bahr, JA, Feser, JM, Weisz, JC, Chisholm, BJ, Ready, TE, Boudjouk, P (2006) Combinatorial Materials Research Applied to the Development of New Surface Coatings I: A Multiwell Plate Screening Method for the High-Throughput Assessment of Bacterial Biofilm Retention on Surfaces. J. Comb. Chem., 8(2), 156–162

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Stafslien, S, Daniels, J, Chisholm, B, Christianson, D (2007) Combinatorial Materials Research Applied to the Development of New Surface Coatings III. Utilization of a High-Throughput Multiwell Plate Screening Method to Rapidly Assess Bacterial Biofilm Retention on Antifouling Surfaces. Biofouling, 23(1), 37–44

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Casse, F, Stafslien, S, Bahr, J, Daniels, J, Finlay, J, Callow, J, Callow, M (2007) Combinatorial Materials Research Applied to the Development of New Surface Coatings V. Application of a Spinning Water-Jet for the Semi-High Throughput Assessment of the Attachment Strength of Marine Fouling Algae. Biofouling, 23(2), 121–130

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Majumdar, P, Christianson, DA, Roesler, RR, Webster, DC (2006) Optimization of Coating Film Deposition When Using an Automated High Throughput Coating Application Unit. Prog. Org. Coat., 56, 169–177

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Friendly, M (1994) Mosaic Displays for Multi-Way Contingency Tables. J. Am. Stat. Assoc., 89, 190–200

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Hofmann, H (2000) Exploring Categorical Data: Interactive Mosaic Plots. Metrika, 51, 11–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, North Dakota State University, 1805 Research Park Drive, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA

    Partha Majumdar, Elizabeth Lee, Nehal Patel, Shane J. Stafslien, Justin Daniels & Bret J. Chisholm

Authors
  1. Partha Majumdar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Elizabeth Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Nehal Patel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Shane J. Stafslien
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Justin Daniels
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Bret J. Chisholm
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bret J. Chisholm.

Additional information

Presented at 2007 FutureCoat! Conference, sponsored by Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 3–5, 2007, in Toronto, Ont., Canada.

Appendices

Appendices

Appendix 1 Coating formulations for the DOE described in Table 4
Full size table
Appendix 2 Coating formulations for the coatings prepared from PMHS-PDMS-Q1 as described in Table 6
Full size table
Appendix 3 Coating formulations for the coatings prepared from PMHS-PDMS-Q2 as described in Table 6
Full size table
Appendix 4 Coating formulations for the coatings prepared from PMHS-PDMS-Q3 as described in Table 6
Full size table

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Majumdar, P., Lee, E., Patel, N. et al. Development of environmentally friendly, antifouling coatings based on tethered quaternary ammonium salts in a crosslinked polydimethylsiloxane matrix. J Coat Technol Res 5, 405–417 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-008-9098-4

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-008-9098-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation