Abstract
Hollow fiber–based ultrafiltration is used as a tool to enhance purity of polyphenols and in particular epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), from microfiltered green tea leaves. Polysulfone-polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) blend was used to prepare the hollow fibers and membrane M-3 having 6-wt% PVDF in polymer solution with 30-kDa molecular weight cut off, permeability 17.7 × 10−11 m/Pa s with an average pore radius 5.3 nm, was identified as the suitable one. Increase in PVDF in spinning solution made the membrane more porous. The higher cut off membrane suffered from acute pore blocking leading to low flux recovery ratio, high flux decline ratio, and relatively lower polyphenol and EGCG purity. A transport phenomena–based model was formulated to calculate the profiles of permeate flux and concentration of polyphenols in the permeate. The model parameters were evaluated by matching the calculated data with experimental results. Permeation results indicated that 138-kPa transmembrane pressure drop and 30-l/h cross flow rate were desirable operating conditions having high permeate flux 55 l/m2 h with polyphenol purity 88% and EGCG purity 81%.
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Abbreviations
- a :
-
parameter in the mass transfer coefficient k0, Eq. (6)
- b :
-
parameter in the mass transfer coefficient k0, Pa−1, Eq. (6)
- A 0 :
-
membrane surface area, m2
- C 1 :
-
concentration of HMW solutes, kg/m3
- C 1b :
-
bulk concentration of HMW solutes, kg/m3
- C 2b :
-
bulk concentration of polyphenol solutes, kg/m3
- C F :
-
feed concentration of solute, kg/m3
- C 1g :
-
gel layer concentration of HMW solutes, kg/m3
- C P :
-
permeate concentration of solute, kg/m3
- C 2p :
-
permeate concentration of polyphenol, kg/m3
- C 2p,avg :
-
average permeate concentration of polyphenol, kg/m3
- C 2m :
-
membrane surface concentration of polyphenol, kg/m3
- d :
-
inner diameter of the hollow fiber, m
- D 1 :
-
effective diffusivity of the HMW components in water, m2/s
- D 2 :
-
diffusivity of polyphenol, m2/s
- H :
-
gel layer thickness, m
- J :
-
permeate flux, m3/m2 s
- J 1 :
-
initial permeate flux, m3/m2 s
- J s :
-
steady state permeate flux, m3/m2 s
- J w :
-
pure water flux, m3/m2 s
- J w1 :
-
pure water flux of the membrane before experiment, m3/m2 s
- J w2 :
-
pure water flux of the membrane after experiment, m3/m2 s
- k 0 :
-
modified mass transfer coefficient of HMW components, m/s, Eq. (6)
- k 1 :
-
mass transfer coefficient of HMW components, m/s
- k 2 :
-
mass transfer coefficient of polyphenol component, m/s
- L p :
-
permeability, m/Pa s
- M 2b :
-
molecular weight of polyphenol, g/mol
- Q :
-
volumetric flow rate, m3/s
- R :
-
gas constant, J/mol K
- R 1 :
-
solute rejection, %
- Re:
-
Reynolds no., (ρu0d/μ)
- R g :
-
gel layer resistance, m−1
- R m :
-
membrane hydraulic resistance, m−1
- r m :
-
average pore radius of the membrane, m
- R r2 :
-
real retention of polyphenol
- S 0 :
-
sum of square of errors in Eq. (15)
- S 1 :
-
sum of square of errors in Eq. (16)
- Sc:
-
Schmidt number (μ/ρD)
- Sh:
-
Sherwood number (kd/D), Eq. (5)
- t :
-
time, s−1
- T :
-
temperature, K
- u 0 :
-
cross flow velocity inside a fiber, m/s
- y :
-
dimension normal to the membrane surface, m
- α :
-
specific gel layer resistance, m/kg
- β :
-
gel layer characteristic parameter, m−2
- δ :
-
mass transfer boundary layer thickness, m
- ΔP :
-
transmembrane pressure, Pa
- Δπ :
-
osmotic pressure difference, Pa
- Δt :
-
sampling time, s
- ε g :
-
gel porosity
- γ g :
-
partition coefficient
- μ :
-
viscosity of the permeating solution, Pa s
- μ b :
-
viscosity of the bulk solution, Pa s
- π m :
-
osmotic pressure of the solution at the membrane surface, Pa
- π p :
-
osmotic pressure of the solution at the permeate side, Pa
- ρ :
-
density of solution, kg/m3
- ρ g :
-
gel layer density, kg/m3
- AFM:
-
atomic force microscopy
- CFR:
-
cross flow rate
- BSA:
-
bovine serum albumin
- DMF:
-
dimethylformamide
- EC:
-
epicatechin
- EGC:
-
epigallocatechin
- ECG:
-
epicatechin gallate
- EGCG:
-
epigallocatechin gallate
- FDR:
-
flux decline ratio
- FRR:
-
flux recovery ratio
- GAE:
-
gallic acid equivalent
- GCG:
-
gallocatechin gallate
- HPLC:
-
high-pressure liquid chromatography
- HMW:
-
high molecular weight solute
- LMW:
-
low molecular weight solute
- MWCO:
-
molecular weight cut off of the membrane, g/mol
- MF:
-
microfiltration
- PSF:
-
polysulfone
- PVDF:
-
polyvinylidene fluoride
- SEM:
-
scanning electron microscopy
- TMP:
-
transmembrane pressure
- TS:
-
total solid
- UF:
-
ultrafiltration
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Funding
This work is financially supported by a grant from the Board of Research in Nuclear Sciences, Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India, Mumbai, under the scheme no. 2012/21/03-BRNS, Dt. 25-07-2012. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of BRNS.
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Mondal, M., De, S. Purification of Polyphenols from Green Tea Leaves and Performance Prediction Using the Blend Hollow Fiber Ultrafiltration Membrane. Food Bioprocess Technol 12, 933–953 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-019-02262-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-019-02262-6