Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in Urethral Reconstruction

  • Surgery (J Simhan, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Urology Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Treatment of anterior urethral stricture disease (USD) has shifted from endoscopic approaches to urethroplasty with significantly higher success rates among reconstructive urologists. This academic stance has led to a critical evaluation of “success” and developing disease-specific instruments to assess surgical outcomes focusing on patients’ satisfaction rather than the historical goal of avoiding secondary procedures.

Recent Findings

Many disease non-specific and/or non-validated patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) have been utilized to evaluate the voiding symptoms and sexual of function of patients after urethroplasty in the literature. Urethral Stricture Surgery PROM (USS PROM) is the first validated, disease-specific PROM for anterior USD which has been designed in 2001. Urethral Stricture Symptoms and Impact Measure (USSIM) is a comprehensive PROM and is currently being validated at multiple institutions.

Summary

This article reviews the tools used to assess success after urethroplasty and elaborates the need to develop a comprehensive USD-specific PROM.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. Alwaal A, Blaschko SD, McAninch JW, Breyer BN. Epidemiology of urethral strictures. Transl Androl Urol. 2014;3(2):209–13. https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2223-4683.2014.04.07.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Santucci RA, Joyce GF, Wise M. Male urethral stricture disease. J Urol. 2007;177(5):1667–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2007.01.041.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Meeks JJ, Erickson BA, Granieri MA, Gonzalez CM. Stricture recurrence after urethroplasty: a systematic review. J Urol. 2009;182(4 SUPPL):1266–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2009.06.027.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Heyns CF, Steenkamp JW, De Kock MLS, Whitaker P. Treatment of male urethral strictures: is repeated dilation or internal urethrotomy useful? J Urol. 1998;160(2):356–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(01)62894-5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Alwaal A, Sanford TH, Harris CR, Osterberg EC, McAninch JW, Breyer BN. Urethral stricture score is associated with anterior urethroplasty complexity and outcome. J Urol. 2016;195(6):1817–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2015.12.100.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Liu JS, Hofer MD, Oberlin DT, Milose J, Flury SC, Morey AF, et al. Practice patterns in the treatment of urethral stricture among American urologists: a paradigm change? Urology. 2015;86(4):830–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2015.07.020.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Kessler TM, Fisch M, Heitz M, Olianas R, Schreiter F. Patient satisfaction with the outcome of surgery for urethral stricture. J Urol. 2002;167(6):2507–11. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005392-200206000-00036.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Erickson BA, Ghareeb GM. Definition of successful treatment and optimal follow-up after urethral reconstruction for urethral stricture disease. Urol Clin North Am. 2017;44(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ucl.2016.08.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Erickson BA, Breyer BN, McAninch JW. The use of uroflowmetry to diagnose recurrent stricture after urethral reconstructive surgery. Int Braz J Urol. 2010;36(5):639–40. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1677-55382010000500022.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Morey AF, McAninch JW, Duckett CP, Rogers RS. American urological association symptom index in the assessment of urethroplasty outcomes. J Urol. 1998;159(4):1192–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(01)63552-3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Heyns CF, Marais DC. Prospective evaluation of the American Urological Association symptom index and peak urinary flow rate for the followup of men with known urethral stricture disease. J Urol. 2002;168(5):2051–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)64293-0.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Tam CA, Voelzke BB, Elliott SP, Myers JB, McClung C, Vanni AJ, et al. Critical analysis of the use of uroflowmetry for urethral stricture disease surveillance. Urology. 2016;91:197–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2015.12.070.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. • Erickson BA, Elliott SP, Voelzke BB, Myers JB, Broghammer JA, Smith TG 3rd, et al. Multi-institutional 1-year bulbar urethroplasty outcomes using a standardized prospective cystoscopic follow-up protocol. Urology. 2014;84(1):213–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2014.01.054. Multi-institution report on bulbar urethroplasty with large sample size and close follow-up.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Bertrand LA, Voelzke BB, Elliott SP, Myers JB, Breyer BN, Vanni AJ, et al. Measuring and predicting patient dissatisfaction after anterior urethroplasty using patient reported outcomes measures. J Urol. 2016;196(2):453–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2016.01.117.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Black N, Jenkinson C. Measuring patients’ experiences and outcomes. BMJ. 2009;339(b2495):b2495. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b2495.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Devlin NJ, Appleby J. Getting the most out of PROMs: putting health outcomes at the heart of NHS decision-making. Health Econ 2010:1–92. kingsfund.org.uk/publications%5Cn.http://www.kingsfund.org.uk/publications/proms.html

  17. •• Jackson MJ, Sciberras J, Mangera A, Brett A, Watkin N, N'Dow JMO, et al. Defining a patient-reported outcome measure for urethral stricture surgery. Eur Urol. 2011;60(1):60–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2011.03.003. First attempt at developing a urethral stricture-specific instrument. This instrument is validated with excellent psychometric values and is widely used by reconstrucive urologists and includes a quality of life component.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Terwee CB, Bot SDM, de Boer MR, van der Windt DAWM, Knol DL, Dekker J, et al. Quality criteria were proposed for measurement properties of health status questionnaires. J Clin Epidemiol. 2007;60(1):34–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.03.012.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. •• Breyer BN, Edwards TC, Patrick DL, Voelzke BB. Comprehensive qualitative assessment of urethral stricture disease: toward the development of a patient centered outcome measure. J Urol. 2017;198(5):1113–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2017.05.077. This is the preliminary publication of the process to develop the most comprehensive urethral stricture-specific PROM to date. The instrument is being validated at several centers in the USA.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Barry MJ, Fowler FJ Jr, O’Leary MP, Bruskewitz RC, Holtgrewe HL, Mebust WKCA. The American Urological Association symptom index for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Measure Commit Am Urol Assoc J Urol. 1992;148(5):1549–57.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Homma Y, Yoshida M, Yamanishi T, Gotoh M. Core lower urinary tract symptom score (CLSS) questionnaire: a reliable tool in the overall assessment of lower urinary tract symptoms. Int J Urol. 2008;15(9):816–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-2042.2008.02121.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Wei JT, Dunn RL, Hoag L, Faerber G, Dorr R, McGuire EJ. The incontinence symptom index (ISI): a novel and practical symptom score for the evaluation of urinary incontinence severity. J Urol. 2003;169(4):S33 abstract 128.

  23. Kaplan SA, Olsson CA, Te AE. The American Urological Association symptom score in the evaluation of men with lower urinary tract symptoms: at 2 years of followup, does it work? J Urol. 1996;155(6):1971–4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8618299

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Chai TC, Belville WD, McGuire EJ, Nyquist L. Specificity of the American Urological Association voiding symptom index: comparison of unselected and selected samples of both sexes. J Urol. 1993;150(5 Pt 2):1710–3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7692107

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Nuss GR, Granieri MA, Zhao LC, Thum DJ, Gonzalez CM. Presenting symptoms of anterior urethral stricture disease: a disease specific, patient reported questionnaire to measure outcomes. J Urol. 2012;187(2):559–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2011.10.043.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Johnson EK, Latini JM. The impact of urethroplasty on voiding symptoms and sexual function. Urology. 2011;78(1):198–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2011.01.045.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Nunnally J, Bernstein I. Psychometric theory. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Jackson MJ, Chaudhury I, Mangera A, Brett A, Watkin N, Chapple CR, et al. A prospective patient-centred evaluation of urethroplasty for anterior urethral stricture using a validated patient-reported outcome measure. Eur Urol. 2013;64(5):777–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2013.04.037.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. • Voelzke BB. Critical review of existing patient reported outcome measures after male anterior urethroplasty. J Urol. 2013;189(1):182–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2012.08.096. Excellent review of existing validated instruments for urethral stricture.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Coursey JW, Morey AF, McAninch JW, et al. Erectile function after anterior urethroplasty. J Urol. 2001;166(6):2273–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)65549-8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Barbagli G, De Angelis M, Romano G, Lazzeri M. Long-term followup of bulbar end-to-end anastomosis: a retrospective analysis of 153 patients in a single center experience. J Urol. 2007;178(6):2470–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2007.08.018.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Rosen RC, Riley A, Wagner G, Osterloh IH, Kirkpatrick J, Mishra A. The international index of erectile function (IIEF): a multidimensional scale for assessment of erectile dysfunction. Urology. 1997;49(6):822–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(97)00238-0.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. O’Leary MP, Fowler FJ, Lenderking WR, et al. A brief male sexual function inventory for urology. Urology. 1995;46(5):697–706. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(99)80304-5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Rosen RC, Catania J, Pollack L, Althof S, O’Leary M, Seftel AD. Male Sexual Health Questionnaire (MSHQ): scale development and psychometric validation. Urology. 2004;64(4):777–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2004.04.056.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Glina S, Sommers WJ, McCullough AR, Lue TF, Zeineh SJ, Scmidt RA, et al. Neuroanatomy of penile erection: its relevance to iatrogenic impotence. J Sex Med. 2011;8(2):337–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.02186.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Mundy AR. Results and complications of urethroplasty and its future. Br J Urol. 1993;71(3):322–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.1993.tb15951.x.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Blaschko SD, Sanford MT, Cinman NM, McAninch JW, Breyer BN. De novo erectile dysfunction after anterior urethroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJU Int. 2013;112(5):655–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11741.x.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Anger JT, Sherman ND, Webster GD. The effect of bulbar urethroplasty on erectile function. J Urol. 2007;178(3):1009–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2007.05.053.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. • Erickson BA, Granieri MA, Meeks JJ, Mcvary KT, Gonzalez CM. Prospective analysis of ejaculatory function after anterior urethral reconstruction. J Urol. 2010;184(1):238–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2010.03.038. Comprehensive and prospective evaluation of sexual dysfunction after anterior urethroplasty using validated instruments.

  40. Xie H, Xu Y-M, Xu X-L, Sa Y-L, Wu D-L, Zhang X-C. Evaluation of erectile function after urethral reconstruction: a prospective study. Asian J Androl. 2009;11(2):209–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/aja.2008.1.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Sharma V, Kumar S, Mandal AK, Singh SK. A study on sexual function of men with anterior urethral stricture before and after treatment. Urol Int. 2011;87(3):341–5. https://doi.org/10.1159/000330268.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Erickson BA, Wysock JS, McVary KT, Gonzalez CM. Erectile function, sexual drive, and ejaculatory function after reconstructive surgery for anterior urethral stricture disease. BJU Int. 2007;99(3):607–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2006.06669.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Benjamin N. Breyer.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

Nima Baradaran, Lindsay A. Hampson, Todd C. Edwards, Bryan B. Voelzke, and Benjamin N. Breyer each declare no potential conflicts of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Surgery

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Baradaran, N., Hampson, L.A., Edwards, T.C. et al. Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in Urethral Reconstruction. Curr Urol Rep 19, 48 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11934-018-0797-9

Download citation

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11934-018-0797-9

Keywords

Navigation