Skip to main content

Advertisement

Springer Nature Link
Log in

Antibody Drug Conjugates in Urological Cancers: A Review of the Current Landscape

  • REVIEW
  • Published:
Current Oncology Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Our review delves into the progress across urological malignancies and discusses ongoing challenges and future directions in antibody–drug conjugate (ADC) development, emphasising their transformative potential in cancer care.

Recent Findings

ADCs have advanced from hematologic to solid tumours, notably in breast cancer, and are now pivotal in metastatic urological cancers as both monotherapies and in combination regimens, underscored by the FDA’s approval of enfortumab vedotin and sacituzumab govitecan for metastatic urothelial cancer. Progress in metastatic prostate cancer, particularly with ADCs targeting PSMA and STEAP1, is noteworthy, although renal cell cancer presents ongoing challenges. There is a continual search for agents in the metastatic, relapsed testicular cancer landscape.

Summary

ADCs have emerged as a pivotal innovation in oncology, blending targeted antibody therapy with potent cytotoxic drugs, significantly advancing treatment options for urological malignancies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. Damle NK, Frost P. Antibody-targeted chemotherapy with immunoconjugates of calicheamicin. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2003;3(4):386–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Reichert JM, Rosensweig CJ, Faden LB, Dewitz MC. Monoclonal antibody successes in the clinic. Nat Biotechnol. 2005;23(9):1073–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Hurwitz E, Levy R, Maron R, Wilchek M, Arnon R, Sela M. The covalent binding of daunomycin and adriamycin to antibodies, with retention of both drug and antibody activities. Cancer Res. 1975;35(5):1175–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Laguzza BC, Nichols CL, Briggs SL, Cullinan GJ, Johnson DA, Starling JJ, et al. New antitumor monoclonal antibody-vinca conjugates LY203725 and related compounds: design, preparation, and representative in vivo activity. J Med Chem. 1989;32(3):548–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Trail PA, Willner D, Lasch SJ, Henderson AJ, Hofstead S, Casazza AM, et al. Cure of xenografted human carcinomas by BR96-doxorubicin immunoconjugates. Science. 1993;261(5118):212–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Sievers EL, Larson RA, Stadtmauer EA, Estey E, Löwenberg B, Dombret H, Mylotarg Study Group, et al. Efficacy and safety of gemtuzumab ozogamicin in patients with CD33-positive acute myeloid leukemia in first relapse. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19(13):3244–54.

  7. Larson RA, Sievers EL, Stadtmauer EA, Löwenberg B, Estey EH, Dombret H, et al. Final report of the efficacy and safety of gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg) in patients with CD33-positive acute myeloid leukemia in first recurrence. Cancer. 2005;104(7):1442–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Norsworthy KJ, Ko CW, Lee JE, Liu J, John CS, Przepiorka D, Farrell AT, Pazdur R. FDA approval summary: Mylotarg for treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory CD33-positive acute myeloid leukemia. Oncologist. 2018;23(9):1103–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Giles FJ, Kantarjian HM, Kornblau SM, Thomas DA, Garcia-Manero G, Waddelow TA, David CL, Phan AT, Colburn DE, Rashid A, Estey EH. Mylotarg (gemtuzumab ozogamicin) therapy is associated with hepatic venoocclusive disease in patients who have not received stem cell transplantation. Cancer. 2001;92(2):406–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Petersdorf SH, Kopecky KJ, Slovak M, Willman C, Nevill T, Brandwein J, et al. A phase 3 study of gemtuzumab ozogamicin during induction and postconsolidation therapy in younger patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2013;121(24):4854–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Amiri-Kordestani L, Blumenthal GM, Xu QC, Zhang L, Tang SW, Ha L, et al. FDA approval: ado-trastuzumab emtansine for the treatment of patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2014;20(17):4436–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Chang E, Weinstock C, Zhang L, Charlab R, Dorff SE, Gong Y, et al. FDA approval summary: enfortumab vedotin for locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2021;27(4):922–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. United States Food and Drug Administration. FDA grants accelerated approval to sacituzumab govitecan for advanced urothelial cancer. April 13th, 2021. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/fda-grants-accelerated-approval-sacituzumab-govitecan-advanced-urothelial-cancer (Accessed 4th February 2024)

  14. United States Food and Drug Administration. FDA grants accelerated approval to enfortumab vedotin-ejfv with pembrolizumab for locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma. April 3rd, 2023. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/fda-grants-accelerated-approval-enfortumab-vedotin-ejfv-pembrolizumab-locally-advanced-or-metastatic (Accessed 4th February 2024).

  15. United States Food and Drug Administration. FDA grants accelerated approval to enfortumab vedotin-ejfv with pembrolizumab for locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma. December 15th, 2023. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/fda-approves-enfortumab-vedotin-ejfv-pembrolizumab-locally-advanced-or-metastatic-urothelial-cancer (Accessed 4th February 2024).

  16. Bukavina L, Bensalah K, Bray F, Carlo M, Challacombe B, Karam JA, et al. Epidemiology of renal cell carcinoma: 2022 Update. Eur Urol. 2022;82(5):529–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Jonasch E, Gao J, Rathmell WK. Renal cell carcinoma. BMJ. 2014;349:g4797.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Rebuzzi SE, Signori A, Buti S, Banna GL, Murianni V, Damassi A, et al. Validation of the Meet-URO score in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma receiving first-line nivolumab and ipilimumab in the Italian Expanded Access Program. ESMO Open. 2022;7(6):100634.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Brown JE, Royle KL, Gregory W, Ralph C, Maraveyas A, Din O, STAR Investigators, et al. Temporary treatment cessation versus continuation of first-line tyrosine kinase inhibitor in patients with advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma (STAR): an open-label, non-inferiority, randomised, controlled, phase 2/3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2023;24(3):213–27.

  20. Aweys H, Lewis D, Sheriff M, Rabbani RD, Lapitan P, Sanchez E, et al. Renal cell cancer - insights in drug resistance mechanisms. Anticancer Res. 2023;43(11):4781–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Boussios S, Devo P, Goodall ICA, Sirlantzis K, Ghose A, Shinde SD, et al. Exosomes in the diagnosis and treatment of renal cell cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(18):14356.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Mahmoud AM, Nabavizadeh R, Rodrigues Pessoa R, Garg I, Orme J, Costello BA, et al. Antibody-based therapeutics for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma: challenges and opportunities. Oncologist. 2023;28(4):297–308.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Thompson JA, Motzer RJ, Molina AM, Choueiri TK, Heath EI, Redman BG, et al. Phase I trials of anti-ENPP3 antibody-drug conjugates in advanced refractory renal cell carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res. 2018;24(18):4399–406.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. McGregor BA, Gordon M, Flippot R, Agarwal N, George S, Quinn DI, et al. Safety and efficacy of CDX-014, an antibody-drug conjugate directed against T cell immunoglobulin mucin-1 in advanced renal cell carcinoma. Invest New Drugs. 2020;38(6):1807–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Jubber I, Ong S, Bukavina L, Black PC, Compérat E, Kamat AM, et al. Epidemiology of bladder cancer in 2023: a systematic review of risk factors. Eur Urol. 2023;84(2):176–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. National Cancer Institute. Bladder cancer prognosis and survival rates. Available: https://www.cancer.gov/types/bladder/survival (Accessed February 4th 2023).

  27. Cathomas R, Lorch A, Bruins HM, Compérat EM, Cowan NC, Efstathiou JA, et al. EAU Muscle-invasive, Metastatic Bladder Cancer Guidelines Panel. The 2021 Updated European Association of Urology Guidelines on Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma. Eur Urol. 2022;81(1):95–103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Parent P, Marcq G, Adeleke S, Turpin A, Boussios S, Rassy E, et al. Predictive biomarkers for immune checkpoint inhibitor response in urothelial cancer. Ther Adv Med Oncol. 2023;15:17588359231192402.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Santini D, Banna GL, Buti S, Isella L, Stellato M, Roberto M. Navigating the rapidly evolving advanced urothelial carcinoma treatment landscape: insights from Italian Experts. Curr Oncol Rep. 2023;25(11):1345–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Uccello M, Adeleke S, Moschetta M, Ghose A, Boussios S. Immunotherapy for advanced urothelial carcinoma (UC): rational and current evidence. Ann Palliat Med. 2023;12(6):1345–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Rebuzzi SE, Banna GL, Murianni V, Damassi A, Giunta EF, Fraggetta F, et al. Prognostic and predictive factors in advanced urothelial carcinoma treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a review of the current evidence. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(21):5517.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Maffezzoli M, Campobasso D, Rebuzzi SE, Banna GL, Fornarini G, Signori A, et al. Prognostic models for patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma: why use them? Minerva Urol Nephrol. 2023;75(4):419–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Challita-Eid PM, Satpayev D, Yang P, An Z, Morrison K, Shostak Y, et al. Enfortumab vedotin antibody-drug conjugate targeting nectin-4 is a highly potent therapeutic agent in multiple preclinical cancer models. Cancer Res. 2016;76(10):3003–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Tomiyama E, Fujita K, Rodriguez Pena MDC, Taheri D, Banno E, Kato T, et al. Expression of Nectin-4 and PD-L1 in upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(15):5390.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. •• Rosenberg JE, O’Donnell PH, Balar AV, McGregor BA, Heath EI, Yu EY, et al. Pivotal trial of enfortumab vedotin in urothelial carcinoma after platinum and anti-programmed death 1/programmed death ligand 1 therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37(29):2592–600. This was the phase II EV-201 trial which led to accelerated approval of EV in mUC after progression on platinum chemotherapy and ICI.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. • Yu EY, Petrylak DP, O’Donnell PH, Lee JL, van der Heijden MS, Loriot Y, et al. Enfortumab vedotin after PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitors in cisplatin-ineligible patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma (EV-201): a multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021;22(6):872–82. This trial demonstrated the benefit of EV in cisplatin eligible mUC patients as evidenced by cohort 2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. •• Powles T, Rosenberg JE, Sonpavde GP, Loriot Y, Durán I, Lee JL, et al. Enfortumab Vedotin in Previously Treated Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(12):1125–35. This was the landmark phase III EV-301 trial which led to full FDA approval of EV in mUC after progression on platinum chemotherapy and ICI.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. United States Food and Drug Administration. FDA grants accelerated approval to sacituzumab govitecan for advanced urothelial cancer. July 9th, 2021. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/fda-grants-regular-approval-enfortumab-vedotin-ejfv-locally-advanced-or-metastatic-urothelial-cancer. Accessed 4 Feb 2024.

  39. • Rosenberg JE, Powles T, Sonpavde GP, Loriot Y, Duran I, Lee JL, et al. EV-301 long-term outcomes: 24-month findings from the phase III trial of enfortumab vedotin versus chemotherapy in patients with previously treated advanced urothelial carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2023;34(11):1047–54. This emphasises on 2 years of follow-up from the EV-301 cohort confirming a significantly meaningful and maintained benefit of EV.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. •• O’Donnell PH, Milowsky MI, Petrylak DP, Hoimes CJ, Flaig TW, Mar N, et al. Enfortumab vedotin with or without pembrolizumab in cisplatin-ineligible patients with previously untreated locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2023;41(25):4107–17. This was the phase Ib/II EV-103 trial which formed the basis of accelerated FDA approval for the use of combination EV and pembrolizumab for mUC patients ineligible for platinum-based chemotherapy.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Powles TB, Valderrama BP, Gupta S, Bedke J, Kikuchi E, Hoffman-Censits J, et al. LBA6 EV-302/KEYNOTE-A39: open-label, randomized phase III study of enfortumab vedotin in combination with pembrolizumab (EV+ P) vs chemotherapy (Chemo) in previously untreated locally advanced metastatic urothelial carcinoma (la/mUC). Ann Oncol. 2023;34:S1340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Van Der Heijden MS, Powles T, Gupta S, Bedke J, Kikuchi E, De Wit R, et al. Enfortumab vedotin (EV) in combination with pembrolizumab (P) versus chemotherapy in previously untreated locally advanced metastatic urothelial carcinoma (la/mUC): Subgroup analyses results from EV-302, a phase 3 global study. J Clin Oncol. 2024;42(4):LBA530.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Avellini C, Licini C, Lazzarini R, Gesuita R, Guerra E, Tossetta G, et al. The trophoblast cell surface antigen 2 and miR-125b axis in urothelial bladder cancer. Oncotarget. 2017;8(35):58642–53.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. •• Tagawa ST, Balar AV, Petrylak DP, Kalebasty AR, Loriot Y, Fléchon A, et al. TROPHY-U-01: a phase II open-label study of sacituzumab govitecan in patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma progressing after platinum-based chemotherapy and checkpoint inhibitors. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(22):2474–85. This was the phase II TROPHY trial which formed the basis of accelerated FDA approval of SG use in mUC.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Grivas P, Tagawa ST, Bellmunt J, De Santis M, Duran I, Goebell PJ, et al. TROPiCS-04: Study of sacituzumab govitecan in metastatic or locally advanced unresectable urothelial cancer that has progressed after platinum and checkpoint inhibitor therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(6):TPS498.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. • Sheng X, Zhou L, He Z, Guo H, Yan X, Li S, et al. Preliminary results of a phase Ib/II combination study of RC48-ADC, a novel humanized anti-HER2 antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) with toripalimab, a humanized IgG4 mAb against programmed death-1 (PD-1) in patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2021;40(16):4518. This phase II study paved the way for DV combination therapy with toripalimab in mUC.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Sheng X, Wang L, He Z, Shi Y, Luo H, Han W, et al. Efficacy and safety of disitamab vedotin in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma: a combined analysis of two phase II clinical trials. J Clin Oncol. 2023: JCO2202912

  48. •• McGregor BA, Sonpavde GP, Kwak L, Regan MM, Gao X, Hvidsten H, et al. The double antibody drug conjugate (DAD) phase I trial: sacituzumab govitecan plus enfortumab vedotin for metastatic urothelial carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2024;35(1):91–7. This revolutionary phase I trial was the first to investigate the use of multiple ADCs in combination treatment.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Rebello RJ, Oing C, Knudsen KE, Loeb S, Johnson DC, Reiter RE, et al. Prostate cancer. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2021;7(1):9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Ng K, Smith S, Shamash J. Metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC): advances and treatment strategies in the first-line setting. Oncol Ther. 2020;8(2):209–30.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Ghose A, Moschetta M, Pappas-Gogos G, Sheriff M, Boussios S. Genetic aberrations of DNA repair pathways in prostate cancer: translation to the clinic. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(18):9783.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Attard G, Murphy L, Clarke NW, Sachdeva A, Jones C, Hoyle A, STAMPEDE investigators, et al. Abiraterone acetate plus prednisolone with or without enzalutamide for patients with metastatic prostate cancer starting androgen deprivation therapy: final results from two randomised phase 3 trials of the STAMPEDE platform protocol. Lancet Oncol. 2023;24(5):443–56.

  53. Cornford P, van den ergh RCN, Briers E, Van den Broeck T, Cumberbatch MG, De Santis M, et al. EAU-EANM-ESTRO-ESUR-SIOG Guidelines on Prostate Cancer. Part II-2020 Update: Treatment of Relapsing and Metastatic Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol. 2021;79(2):263-282

  54. Chandrasekar T, Yang JC, Gao AC, Evans CP. Mechanisms of resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Transl Androl Urol. 2015;4(3):365–80.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Donin NM, Reiter RE. Why targeting PSMA is a game changer in the management of prostate cancer. J Nucl Med. 2018;59(2):177–82.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Milowsky MI, Galsky MD, Morris MJ, Crona DJ, George DJ, Dreicer R, Tse K, Petruck J, Webb IJ, Bander NH, Nanus DM, Scher HI. Phase 1/2 multiple ascending dose trial of the prostate-specific membrane antigen-targeted antibody drug conjugate MLN2704 in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Urol Oncol. 2016;34(12):530.e15-530.e21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. •• Petrylak DP, Vogelzang NJ, Chatta K, Fleming MT, Smith DC, Appleman LJ, et al. PSMA ADC monotherapy in patients with progressive metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer following abiraterone and/or enzalutamide: efficacy and safety in open-label single-arm phase 2 study. Prostate. 2020;80(1):99–108. This is a significant positive phase 2 trial of an ADC against PSMA following ARPI therapy in mCRPC.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. de Bono JS, Fleming MT, Wang JS, Cathomas R, Miralles MS, Bothos J, et al. Phase I study of MEDI3726: a prostate-specific membrane antigen-targeted antibody-drug conjugate, in patients with mCRPC after failure of abiraterone or enzalutamide. Clin Cancer Res. 2021;27(13):3602–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Shen J, Pachynski R, Nordquist LT, Adra N, Bilen MA, Aggarwal R, et al. 1804P APEX-01: First-in-human phase I/II study of ARX517 an anti-prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) in patients (pts) with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Ann Oncol. 2023;34:S974–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. •• Danila DC, Szmulewitz RZ, Vaishampayan U, Higano CS, Baron AD, Gilbert HN, et al. Phase I study of DSTP3086S, an antibody-drug conjugate targeting six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate 1, in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37(36):3518–27. This is a significant positive phase 1 trial of an ADC against STEAP1, a strong putative target in mCRPC.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. • Lang J, Tagawa ST, Slovin S, Emamekhoo H, Rathkopf D, Abida W, et al. 1406P Interim results of a phase II trial of sacituzumab govitecan (SG) in patients (Pts) with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) progressing on androgen receptor signaling inhibitors (ARSI). Ann Oncol. 2022;33:S1188. This phase II study of SG in mCRPC showed positive results and potential as an emerging ADC in prostate cancer.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. • Aggarwal RR, Vuky J, VanderWeele DJ, Rettig M, Heath EI, Beer TM, Liu B, et al. Phase 1a/1b study of FOR46, an antibody drug conjugate (ADC), targeting CD46 in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). J Clin Oncol. 2022;40(16):3001. This positive trial shows how CD46 is a putative target other than PSMA and STEAP1 and the potential of FOR46 as an emerging ADC.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Shenderov E, Mallesara GH, Wysocki PJ, Xu W, Ramlau R, Weickhardt AJ, et al. Antonarakis ES. 620P MGC018, an anti-B7-H3 antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), in patients with advanced solid tumors: preliminary results of phase I cohort expansion. Ann Oncol. 2021;32:S657-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Alifrangis C, Nicol DL, Shamash J, Rajan P. Management of stage II seminoma: a contemporary UK perspective. Scott Med J. 2022;67(3):126–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Sharma A, Morrison L, Milic M, Ghose A, Gogbashian A, Vasdev N, et al. A north-west London experience of the impact of treatment related toxicity on clinical outcomes of elderly patients with germ cell tumors. Cancers (Basel). 2022;14(20):4977.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Mérida-García A, Díaz-Serrano A, Bernard B, Del Mar GM, de Velasco G, Sepúlveda JM, et al. Update on the management of patients with intermediate and poor-risk testicular germ cell tumors and new biological insights. Cancer Treat Res Commun. 2019;19:100117.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Alifrangis C, Lucas O, Benafif S, Ansell W, Greenwood M, Smith S, et al. Management of late relapses after chemotherapy in testicular cancer: optimal outcomes with dose-intense salvage chemotherapy and surgery. Eur Urol Focus. 2021;7(4):835–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Necchi A, Anichini A, Raggi D, Giannatempo P, Magazzù D, Nicolai N, et al. Brentuximab vedotin in CD30-expressing germ cell tumors after chemotherapy failure. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2016;14(4):261-264.e4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Ashkar R, Feldman DR, Adra N, Zaid MA, Funt SA, Althouse SK, et al. Phase II trial of brentuximab vedotin in relapsed/refractory germ cell tumors. Invest New Drugs. 2021;39(6):1656–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Author notes

  1. Aruni Ghose, Patricia Lapitan and Vedika Apte contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medical Oncology, Barts Cancer Centre, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK

    Aruni Ghose

  2. Department of Medical Oncology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Kent, UK

    Aruni Ghose & Stergios Boussios

  3. Department of Medical Oncology, Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Mount Vernon and Watford NHS Trust, Watford, UK

    Aruni Ghose & Anand Sharma

  4. Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire Urological Cancer Centre, Department of Urology, Lister Hospital, East and North Herts NHS Trust, Stevenage, UK

    Aruni Ghose, Anand Sharma & Nikhil Vasdev

  5. Immuno-Oncology Clinical Network, London, UK

    Aruni Ghose & Jo Parkes

  6. The Meet-URO Group, Italian Network for Research in Uro-Oncology, Milan, Italy

    Aruni Ghose, Sara E. Rebuzzi & Giuseppe L. Banna

  7. British Oncology Network for Undergraduate Societies, London, UK

    Aruni Ghose & Patricia Lapitan

  8. United Kingdom and Ireland Global Cancer Network, London, UK

    Aruni Ghose & Patricia Lapitan

  9. School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

    Patricia Lapitan

  10. UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK

    Patricia Lapitan, Adheesh Ghosh & Sreejana Basu

  11. Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, UK

    Patricia Lapitan

  12. University College London Medical School, London, UK

    Vedika Apte & Abhinav Kandala

  13. University College London Oncology Society, London, UK

    Vedika Apte & Sreejana Basu

  14. Worcestershire Oncology Centre, Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Worcester, UK

    Jo Parkes

  15. British Oncology Pharmacy Association, London, UK

    Jo Parkes

  16. Cancer Academic Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK

    Sayali D. Shinde

  17. School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK

    Stergios Boussios

  18. Faculty of Medicine, Health and Social Care, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, UK

    Stergios Boussios

  19. Kent and Medway Medical School, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK

    Stergios Boussios

  20. AELIA Organisation, 9Th Km Thessaloniki - Thermi, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece

    Stergios Boussios

  21. Department of Oncology, University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, Derby, UK

    Prantik Das

  22. School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

    Prantik Das

  23. School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK

    Nikhil Vasdev

  24. Apollo Hospitals Educational and Research Foundation (AHERF), Chennai, India

    Nikhil Vasdev

  25. Medical Oncology Unit, Ospedale San Paolo, Savona, Italy

    Sara E. Rebuzzi

  26. Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy

    Sara E. Rebuzzi

  27. Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey

    Yüksel Ürün

  28. Ankara University Cancer Research Institute, Ankara, Turkey

    Yüksel Ürün

  29. Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

    Ravindran Kanesvaran

  30. Duke-NUS Medical School, SingHealth Duke-NUS Oncology Academic Clinical Programme, Singapore, Singapore

    Ravindran Kanesvaran

  31. Department of Medical Oncology, Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK

    Akash Maniam & Giuseppe L. Banna

  32. Faculty of Science and Health, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK

    Akash Maniam & Giuseppe L. Banna

  33. Caribbean Cancer Research Institute, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago

    Akash Maniam

Authors
  1. Aruni Ghose
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  2. Patricia Lapitan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  3. Vedika Apte
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  4. Adheesh Ghosh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  5. Abhinav Kandala
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  6. Sreejana Basu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  7. Jo Parkes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  8. Sayali D. Shinde
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  9. Stergios Boussios
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  10. Anand Sharma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  11. Prantik Das
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  12. Nikhil Vasdev
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  13. Sara E. Rebuzzi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  14. Yüksel Ürün
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  15. Ravindran Kanesvaran
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  16. Akash Maniam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  17. Giuseppe L. Banna
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Conceptualisation and design—AG1.

Data collection and assembly—AG1, PL, VA, AG2.

Data analysis and interpretation—All authors.

Manuscript writing—AG1, PL, VA, AG2, AK, SB.

Final approval of manuscript—All authors.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Akash Maniam.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ghose, A., Lapitan, P., Apte, V. et al. Antibody Drug Conjugates in Urological Cancers: A Review of the Current Landscape. Curr Oncol Rep 26, 633–646 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11912-024-01524-7

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11912-024-01524-7

Keywords