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Epigenetics and Type 2 Diabetes Risk

  • Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes and Insulin Resistance (M-E Patti, Section Editor)
  • Published:
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Abstract

Purpose of Review

The influence of environmental factors on type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk is now well recognized and highlights the contribution of epigenetic mechanisms. This review will focus on the role of epigenetic factors in the risk and pathogenesis of T2D.

Recent Findings

Epigenetic dysregulation has emerged as a key mechanism underpinning the pathogenesis of T2D and its complications. Environmental variations, including alterations in lifestyle, nutrition, and metabolic demands during prenatal and postnatal life can induce epigenetic changes that may impact glucose homeostasis and the function of different metabolic organs. Accumulating data continues to uncover the specific pathways that are epigenetically dysregulated in T2D, providing an opportunity for therapeutic targeting.

Summary

Environmental changes can disrupt specific epigenetic mechanisms underlying metabolic homeostasis, thus contributing to T2D pathogenesis. Such epigenetic changes can be transmitted to the next generation, contributing to the inheritance of T2D risk. Recent advances in epigenome-wide association studies and epigenetic editing tools present the attractive possibility of identifying epimutations associated with T2D, correcting specific epigenetic alterations, and designing novel epigenetic biomarkers and interventions for T2D.

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Funding

This review was funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIDDK and NHLBI), the Wanek Family Project to Cure Type 1 Diabetes at City of Hope, and the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (to RN), and from the Wanek Family Project to Cure Type 1 Diabetes at City of Hope, Human Islet Research Network (NIH) UC4 DK104162, and the National Institutes of Health (NIDDK; R01 grant DK120523) (to SD).

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  1. Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA

    Sangeeta Dhawan

  2. Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA

    Rama Natarajan

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  1. Sangeeta Dhawan
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Correspondence to Rama Natarajan.

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Sangeeta Dhawan declares no conflict of interest.

Rama Natarajan reports a pending patent on inhibitors of epigenetically modified targets.

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All the studies noted in this review that were performed by the authors involving animals were done in compliance with appropriate institutional committees for animal research (IACUC), and all institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. Studies quoted in this article undertaken by the authors involving human subjects were either carried out on retrospective deidentified samples obtained from appropriate repositories, in compliance with institutional review boards (IRB), or all the procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional review boards (IRB), and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

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This article is part of the Topical Collection on Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes and Insulin Resistance

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Dhawan, S., Natarajan, R. Epigenetics and Type 2 Diabetes Risk. Curr Diab Rep 19, 47 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-019-1168-8

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