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Industrial symbiosis: Boron waste valorization through CO2 utilization

  • Process Systems Engineering, Process Safety
  • Published:
Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Various wastes being generated globally and dumped on land by mineral processing activities pose great ecological and health problems. An example is the boron mineral beneficiation solid wastes. Even greater threat is anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions among key causes of prevalent climate change. By this work, we propose a symbiotic solution to alleviate both environmental threats through recovering valuable boron products from boron wastes (BW), while also utilizing and sequestering CO2 stably and permanently. This article presents the results on the effect of important operation parameters for the performance of such a process within the following ranges determined by preliminary tests: temperature: 20–60°C, solid-to-liquid ratio: 0.1–0.5 g/ml, reaction time: 15–120 min, stirring speed: 300–700 rpm and particle size: 150–600 µm. CO2 gas (99.9%) flow rate was maintained continuously at 1.57 l/min under atmospheric pressure. The important findings are (1) per ton of BW production of commercially valuable either (a) 310 kg sodium penta-borate or (b) 350 kg sodium penta-borate mixed with Na2CO3, depending on the process configuration, (c) 725 kg relatively pure CaCO3, a potential source for precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) and (d) 72 kg CO2 utilization, (2) effective parameters for CO2 utilization, in decreasing order are temperature, solid-to-liquid ratio and time, while stirring speed and particle size are ineffective within the range investigated and (3) the optimum operating conditions as: temperature: 60 °C, solid-to liquid ratio: 0.1 g/ml, time: 90 min, stirring speed: 500 rpm and particle size: <180 µm.

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Abbreviations

A:

operation test parameter label denoting temperature [°C]

ANOVA:

analysis of variance [-]

B:

Operation test parameter label denoting particle size [µm]

BW:

run-of-mine solid wastes from boron enrichment processing [-]

C:

operation test parameter label denoting stirring speed [rpm]

CAGR:

compound annual growth rate [-]

CCS:

carbon capture and sequestration [-]

CDR:

carbon dioxide removal [-]

CDU:

carbon dioxide utilization [-]

CDUS:

carbon dioxide capture, utilization and storage [-]

COP26:

26th The UN Climate Change Conference of the Parties in Glasgow, the UK [-]

D:

operation test parameter label denoting solid-to liquid ratio [g/ml]

DAC:

direct (CO2) air capture [-]

df:

degrees of freedom [-]

E:

operation test parameter label denoting time [min]

e:

Random Korean in an experimental test [-]

EIA:

energy information administration [-]

EU:

European Union [-]

F:

F-test values [-]

G:

total captured (utilised) CO2 mass [g]

HABAS:

Habaş. Industrial and Medical Gases Production Industries Inc., Turkiye

HL:

heating loss [-]

IPCC:

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [-]

M:

number of moles of an element under question

MS:

mean squares [-]

n:

number of test repetitions performed for an experimental combination [-]

OA:

orthogonal array [-]

PCC:

precipitated calcium carbonate [-]

SN:

performance characteristic [-]

SS:

sum squares [-]

WHO:

World Health Organization [-]

X:

fixed effect of the test parameters’ level combination used in an experimental test [-]

Y:

performance value of an experimental test under a set of values of the test parameters [-]

μ:

overall mean of the performance value [-]

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye) for its financial support (108Y170) and Atatürk University, Erzurum, Türkiye, allowing this grant to be transferred to Çankırı Karatekin University, Çankırı, Turkiye to enable the completion of the research work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Bursa Technical University, Chemical Engineering Department, 16310, Bursa, Turkey

    Mehmet Çopur

  2. Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Chemical Engineering Department, 14030, Bolu, Turkey

    Turgay Pekdemir

  3. Çankırı Karatekin University, Chemical Engineering Department, 18100, Çankırı, Turkey

    Mehmet Muhtar Kocakerim & Haluk Korucu

  4. Ardahan University, Environmental Engineering Department, 75000, Ardahan, Turkey

    Rövşen Guliyev

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  1. Mehmet Çopur
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  2. Turgay Pekdemir
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  4. Haluk Korucu
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  5. Rövşen Guliyev
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Correspondence to Turgay Pekdemir.

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Çopur, M., Pekdemir, T., Kocakerim, M.M. et al. Industrial symbiosis: Boron waste valorization through CO2 utilization. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 39, 2600–2614 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-022-1192-2

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