Abstract
This paper investigates the energy–time efficiency of the Blocking Expanding Ring Search algorithms (BERS) using an extended graph model. BERS is an energy efficient alternative that was developed recently based on the Expanding Ring Search (ERS). ERS is widely applied in reactive routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks. Most studies in this area focus on minimising either energy consumption or search latency, but few look into the strong correlation between the energy saving and the increased latency incurred. We analyse, in this study, the concurrency mechanism of BERS and have developed BERS*, an enhanced scheme based on BERS. Our results show that, among the three schemes (BERS*, BERS and ERS), BERS* incurs the least latency when the hop number of the route nodes is greater than 3, and has achieved the best performance in terms of energy–time efficiency when the hop number of the route nodes is greater than 7. We have also discovered the conditions that allow collective optimisation of BERS* and ERS.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- BERS:
-
Blocking expanding ring search
- BERS*:
-
Enhanced blocking expanding ring search
- END:
-
Flood termination instruction
- ERS:
-
Expanding ring search
- TTL:
-
Time to live
- MANET:
-
Mobile ad hoc network
- RREQ:
-
Route request
- RREP:
-
Route reply
- d, D:
-
Destination
- E x :
-
Energy consumption for x
- H :
-
Hop number
- H r :
-
Hop number of a route node
- MAX H :
-
Maximum number of rings
- N i , N j :
-
Neighbour nodes
- s, S:
-
Source
- T x :
-
Latency for x
- n i :
-
Number of nodes at ring i
- n r :
-
Number of route nodes
- (u, v):
-
Direct communication channel between u and v
- u → v:
-
One-hop transmission from u to v
- u→→ v:
-
Multi-hop propagation from u to v
- u→ u:
-
u Waiting for 1 unit of time
- u→→ u:
-
u Waiting for ≥ 2 units of time
- x || y:
-
Events x and y take place in parallel
- u → d || v → d:
-
Parallel events with a collision at d
References
Johnson, D.B., Maltz, D.A.: Dynamic source routing in ad hoc wireless networks. In: Imlellnski, T., Korth, H. (eds.) Mobile Computing, pp. 153–181. Kluwer, Dordrecht (1996)
Perkins, C.E., Royer, E.M.: Ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing. In: Proceedings of the 2nd Annual IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications (WMCSA’99), pp. 90–100. New Orleans, LA (1999)
Lee S.-J., Belding-Royer E.M., Perkins C.E.: Scalability study of the ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing protocol. Int. J. Netw. Mgmt. 13(2), 97–114 (2003)
Park, I., Kim, J., Pu, I.: Blocking expanding ring search algorithm for efficient energy consumption in mobile ad hoc networks. In: Proc. WONS 2006, Paris (2006)
Pu, I., Shen, Y., Kim, J.: Measuring energy–time efficiency of protocol performance in mobile ad hoc networks. In: Coudert, D., et al. (eds.) ADHOC-NOW 2008, LNCS, vol. 5198, pp. 475–486, Springer, Berlin. ISBN 978-3-540-85208-7
Tseng Y., Ni S., Chen Y., Sheu J.: The broadcast storm problem in a mobile ad hoc network. Wireless Netw. 8(2), 153–167 (2002)
Hassan, J., Jha, S.: On the optimisation trade-offs of expanding ring search. In: Proc. of IWDC 2004, pp. 489–494
Perkins, C., Royer, E., Das, S.: Ad hoc on-demand distance vector (aodv) routing. IETF Request for Comment. Available http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3561.txt (2003)
Lv, Q., Cao, P., Cohen, E., Li, K., Shenker, S.: Search and replication in unstructured peer-to-peer networks. In: Proceeding of the ACM Sigmetrics Conference, Mariana del Rey, CA, June 2002
Royer, E.M.: Routing in ad hoc mobile networks: on demand and hierarchical strategies. Ph.D. thesis, University of California at Santa Barbara, USA (2000)
Chen, J., Sivalingam, K., Agrawal, P.: Performance comparison of battery power consumption in wireless multiple access protocols. In: ACM/Baltzer Wireless Network, vol. 5(6), 445–460 (1999)
Koutsonikolas, D., Das, S.M., Pucha, H., Hu, Y.C.: On optimal TTL sequence-based route discovery in MANETs. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Wireless Ad Hoc Networking (WWAN 2005), Columbus, OH (2005)
Garcia, J.E., Kallel, A., Kyamakya, K., Jobmann, K., Cano, J., Manzoni, P.: A novel DSR-based energy-efficient routing algorithm for mobile ad-hoc networks. In: IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference. Orlando, Florida, USA (2003)
Ghanem, N., Boumerdassi, S., Renault, E.: New energy saving mechanisms for mobile ad-hoc networks using OLSR. In: Proceedings PE-WASUN’05, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, October 2005, pp. 273–274
van Dam, T., Langendoen, K.: An adaptive energy-efficient mac protocol for wireless sensor networks. In: In ACM SenSys (2003)
Sanchez-Miquel, L., Vesselinova-Vassileva, N., Barcelo, F.: Energy and delay-constrained routing in mobile ad hoc networks: an initial approach. In: Proceedings PE-WASUN’05, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, pp. 262–263 (2005)
Stemm M., Katz R.H.: Measuring and reducing energy consumption of network interfaces in hand-held devices. EICE (Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers). Trans. Commun. E80-B(8), 1125–1131 (1997)
Meghanathan N.: Energy consumption analysis of the stable path and minimum hop path routing strategies for mobile ad hoc networks. Int. J. Comp. Sci. Netw. Secur. 7(10), 30–39 (2007)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pu, I.M., Shen, Y. Analytical Studies of Energy–Time Efficiency of Blocking Expanding Ring Search. Math.Comput.Sci. 3, 443–456 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11786-010-0038-1
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11786-010-0038-1