Abstract
Recycled water provides a viable opportunity to partially supplement fresh water supplies as well as substantially alleviate environmental loads. Currently, thousands of recycled water schemes have been successfully conducted in a number of countries and Sydney is one of the leading cities, which has made massive effort to apply water reclamation, recycling and reuse. This study aims to make a comprehensive analysis of recycled water schemes in Sydney for a wide range of end uses such as landscape irrigation, industrial process uses and residential uses (e.g., golf course irrigation, industrial cooling water reuse, toilet flushing and clothes washing etc.). For each representative recycled water scheme, this study investigates the involved wastewater treatment technologies, the effluent quality compared with specified guideline values and public attitudes toward different end uses. Based on these obtained data, multi criteria analysis (MCA) in terms of risk, cost-benefit, environmental and social aspects can be performed. Consequently, from the analytical results, the good prospects of further expansion and exploration of current and new end uses were identified toward the integrated water planning and management. The analyses could also help decision makers in making a sound judgment for future recycled water projects.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Al-Rifai J H, Gabelish C L, Schäfer A I. Occurrence of pharmaceutically active and non-steroidal estrogenic compounds in three different wastewater recycling schemes in Australia. Chemosphere, 2007, 69(5): 803–815
NSW Office of Water. 2010 Metropolitan Water Plan. 2010. Available online at: http://www.waterforlife.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/15275/2010_Metropolitan_Water_Plan.pdf (accessed August 1, 2011)
Stenekes N, Colebatch H K, Waite T D, Ashbolt N J. Risk and governance in water recycling: public acceptance revisited. Science, Technology & Human Values, 2006, 31(2): 107–134
Sydney Water. Recycling. 2011. Available online at: http://www.sydneywater.com.au/Water4Life/recyclingandreuse/ (accessed August 2, 2011)
Australian Bureau of Statistics. Water Account Australia 2008–09. 2010. Available online at: http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/D2335EFFE939C9BCCA2577E700158B1C/$File/46100_2008-09.pdf (accessed August 2, 2011)
Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering. Water Recycling in Australia 2004. 2004. Available online at: http://www.atse.org.au/resource-centre/func-startdown/136/ (accessed July 1, 2011)
Aiken J T, Derry C, Attwater R. Impact of improved recycled water quality on a Sydney irrigation scheme. Water, 2010, 37(5): 86–90
Chapman H. WRAMS, sustainable water recycling. Desalination, 2006, 188(1-3): 105–111
Anderson J. The environmental benefits of water recycling and reuse. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 2003, 3(4): 1–10
Hird W. Recycled water—case study: BlueScope steel, Port Kembla steelworks. Desalination, 2006, 188(1-3): 97–103
Coutts S S. A recycled water strategy for regional urban communities. Desalination, 2006, 188(1-3): 185–194
Muthukaruppan M, Arabatzoudis C, Poon J, Hau J, Simmonds K. Alternative water supply sources for industrial users—investigating options for the Altona Industrial Precinit, Victoria. Water, 2011, 38 (2): 130–135
Jeffrey P, Seaton R, Parsons S, Stephenson T, Jefferson B. Exploring water recycling options for urban environments: a multi-criteria modeling approach. Urban Water, 1999, 1(3): 187–200
Kiker G A, Bridges T S, Varghese A, Seager P T, Linkov I. Application of multicriteria decision analysis in environmental decision making. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 2005, 1(2): 95–108
de Benedetto L, Klemeš J. The environmental performance strategy map: an integrated LCA approach to support the strategic decisionmaking process. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2009, 17(10): 900–906
Cooper E. Rouse Hill and Picton Reuse Schemes: innovative approaches to large-scale reuse. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 2003, 3(3): 49–54
Toole J O, Sinclair M, Leder K. Recycled water exposure: filling the data gaps. Water, 2008, 35(8): 52–57
Tangsubkul N, Beavis P, Moore S J, Lundie S, Waite T D. Life cycle assessment of water recycling technology. Water Resources Management, 2005, 19(5): 521–537
Pham T T N, Ngo H H, Guo WS, Dang H P D, Mainali B, Johnston A, Listowski A. Responses of community to the possible use of recycled water for washing machine: a case study in Sydney, Australia. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2011, 55(5): 535–540
Spaninks F. Estimating the savings from water restrictions in Sydney. Water, 2010, 37(5): 65–70
Dillon P. Water reuse in Australia: current status, projections and research. In: Proceedings of the Water Recycling Australia 2000 Conference. Adelaide: Australia Water Association, 2000, 99–104
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chen, Z., Ngo, H.H., Guo, W. et al. Analysis of Sydney’s recycled water schemes. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng. 7, 608–615 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-012-0468-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-012-0468-x