Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Adaptive video-aware forward error correction code allocation for reliable video transmission

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Signal, Image and Video Processing Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The Internet is rapidly becoming the dominant platform for video contribution and distribution. As Internet provides a best-effort service without any guarantee of quality. The video streaming has to cope with lack of guarantees. Due to congestion and the heterogeneous nature of Internet, a video transmission will be plagued by packet loss, variability in throughput, and latency. To mitigate the aforementioned problems, forward error correction (FEC) approach can be employed. Among different FEC schemes, due to the maximum distance separable property, Reed–Solomon (RS) erasure codes are commonly used as a method to protect the video streams when transmitted over unreliable networks. As a block-based error-correcting code, smaller block size decreases the RS code efficacy and decoding delay and larger block size increase decoding delay with the enhanced RS coding performance. Moreover, on video data, the RS codes are typically applied at the packet, frame, and sub-GoP level. In this paper, we provide a comparative analysis of different FEC approaches used to ensure reliable video transmission and study the relationship of all the approaches for different network scenarios. We presented a decision tree-based machine learning model to apply FEC by considering network conditions, video encoding parameters, and motion characteristics. With the achieved accuracy of 81%, our proposed model applied FEC on video data while maintaining the required quality of experience (QoE). The benefits of the proposed mechanism are demonstrated by carefully designed experiments and assessed through objective QoE metric.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Wiegand, T.: Overview of the H. 264/AVC video coding standard. Syst. Video 13(7), 560–576 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Lin, C., Zhao, Y., Tillo, T., Xiao, J.: Multiple description coding for stereoscopic videos with stagger frame order. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. 25(6), 1016–1025 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Kazemi, M., Iqbal, R., Shirmohammadi, S.: Redundancy allocation based on the weighted mismatch-rate slope for multiple description video coding. IEEE Trans. Multimed. 19(1), 54–66 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Xu, Y., Yu, C., Li, J., Liu, Y.: Video telephony for end-consumers: measurement study of Google+, iChat, and Skype. IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw. 22(3), 826–839 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Berlekamp, E.R.: The technology of error-correcting codes. Proc. IEEE 68(5), 564–593 (1980)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Casu, F., Cabrera, J., Jaureguizar, F., Garcia, N.: Inter-packet symbol approach to Reed-Solomon FEC codes for RTP-multimedia stream protection. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications, pp. 49-54 (2011)

  7. Codes, R., Wu, Y., Member, S.: Novel burst error correction algorithms for Reed-Solomon. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 58(2), 519–529 (2012)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  8. Yuan, Y., Cockburn, B., Sikora, T., Mandal, M.: A GoP based FEC technique for packet based video streaming. In: Proceedings of the 10th WSEAS international conference on Communications. World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society (WSEAS) (2006)

  9. Kuo, C.I., Shih, C.H., Shieh, C.K., Hwang, W.S., Ke, C.H.: Modeling and analysis of frame-level forward error correction for MPEG video over burst-loss channels. Appl. Math. Inf. Sci. 8(4), 1845–1853 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Xiao, J., Tillo, T., Lin, C., Zhao, Y.: Dynamic sub-GoP forward error correction code for real-time video applications. IEEE Trans. Multimed. 14(4), 1298–1308 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Xiao, J., Tillo, T., Zhao, Y.: Real-time video streaming using randomized expanding reed-solomon code. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. 23(11), 1825–1836 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Diaz, C., Cabrera, J., Jaureguizar, F., Garcia, N.: A video-aware FEC-based unequal loss protection system for video streaming over RTP. IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron. 57(2), 523–531 (2011)

  13. Richardson, I.: The H. 264 advanced video compression standard. Wiley, Hoboken (2011)

  14. Mazzotti, M., Paolini, E., Chiani, M., Gadat, B., Bergeron, C., Fracchia, R.: Analysis of packet-level forward error correction for video transmission. In: IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, pp. 1–5 (2011)

  15. Razavi, R., Fleury, M., Ghanbari, M.: Adaptive packet-level interleaved FEC for wireless priority-encoded video streaming. Adv. Multimed. 2009, 1–14 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Hsiao, P.-W., Kuo, C.-I., Shieh, C.-K., Hwang, W.-S., Ke, C.-H., Chen, Y.-S.: An analysis modeling of frame-level forward error correction for H.264/AVC over burst-loss channels. In: 2014 4th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Vehicular Technology, Information Theory and Aerospace Electronic Systems (VITAE), pp. 1–5 (2014)

  17. Sohn, Y., Hwang, J., Kang, S.S.: Adaptive packet-level FEC algorithm for improving the video quality over IEEE 802.11 networks. Int. J. Softw. Eng. Appl. 6(3), 27–34 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Greengrass, J., Evans, J., Begen, A.C.: Not all packets are equal, part I: streaming video coding and SLA requirements. IEEE Internet Comput. 13(1), 70–75 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Pham, H.D., Vafi, S.: Motion-energy-based unequal error protection for H.264/AVC video bitstreams. Signal Image Video Process 9(8), 1759–1766 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Yang, X., Zhu, C., Li, Z.G., Lin, X., Ling, N.: An unequal packet loss resilience scheme for video over the internet. IEEE Trans. Multimed. 7(4), 753–764 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Watson, M.: Forward error correction (FEC) framework (2011)

  22. Watson, M.,Stockhammer, T., Luby, M.: RTP Payload Format for Raptor Forward Error Correction (FEC). No. RFC 6682 (2012)

  23. Roca, V., et al.: Simple reed-solomon forward error correction (FEC) scheme for FECFRAME. No. RFC 6865 (2013)

  24. Xiph.org: Derf’s Test Media Collection. https://media.xiph.org/video/derf/

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Computer Science, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Mushahid Hussain

  2. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA

    Abdul Hameed

Authors
  1. Mushahid Hussain
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Abdul Hameed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mushahid Hussain.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hussain, M., Hameed, A. Adaptive video-aware forward error correction code allocation for reliable video transmission. SIViP 12, 161–169 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11760-017-1142-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11760-017-1142-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation