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The Transmission of Genes and Culture: A Questionable Analogy

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Abstract

Modes of cultural transmission are, by analogy with modes of genetic transmission, ways in which cultural information is transmitted between individuals. Despite its importance across the behavioral sciences and for theories of cultural evolution, no attempts have been made, to our knowledge, to critically analyze this analogy. We here aim at such detailed comparison and show that the fundamental role of modes of transmission in biology results mainly from two properties of genetic transmission: (1) what is transmitted generally does not influence the way in which it is transmitted; (2) there is a limited number of simple and stable modes. In culture however, modes of transmission generally lack these two fundamental properties. In particular, in culture it is often the rate of evolutionary change that determines the mode of transmission. We offer some tentative explanation regarding the origins of such a fundamental difference and we conclude that cultural transmission modes are not causal mechanisms that govern the transmission of culture but mere descriptions of the way culture happens to be transmitted at a given time in a given community. This shows the limit of the analogy between biological and cultural evolution and suggests that evolutionary models and theories differ substantially between the two domains.

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Notes

  1. We use the terms opaque and transparent here after Gergely and Csibra (2006). Sylvia’s recipe: The role of imitation and pedagogy in the transmission of cultural knowledge. Pp. 229–255 in S. Levinson, and N. J. Enfield, eds. Roots of human sociality: Culture, cognition and interaction. Berg Publishers, Oxford. We simply extend the use of these terms to the relationship between genes and phenotype. A causal relationship A-B is more opaque than another C-D when the causal path linking A to B is longer and more complex than the one linking C to D. The causal path linking a particular gene (A) to its consequences (B) on the phenotype can be extremely long and complex. This makes it difficult for another gene to evolve to control or modify A in order to have a different effect B’ on the phenotype. By contrast, the causal path linking a certain behavior (C) to a certain effect on the phenotype (D) can be short and simple, making it easier for a third observer for instance to modify and adapt C in order to have a certain desired effect D’.

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Acknowledgments

We wish to thank Peter Godfrey-Smith, Hugo Mercier, Denis Roze, Eoin O’ Sullivan and two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments on an earlier version of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9JP, Scotland, UK

    Nicolas Claidière

  2. CNRS UMR 7525 Ecologie et Evolution, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 rue d’Ulm, 75005, Paris, France

    Jean-Baptiste André

  3. CNRS UMR 7206 Eco-anthropologie et ethnobiologie, MNHN, Univ Paris Diderot, 75005, Paris, France

    Jean-Baptiste André

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  1. Nicolas Claidière
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Correspondence to Nicolas Claidière.

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Nicolas Claidière and Jean-Baptiste André contributed equally to this work.

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Claidière, N., André, JB. The Transmission of Genes and Culture: A Questionable Analogy. Evol Biol 39, 12–24 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-011-9141-8

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