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mTOR-targeted cancer therapy: great target but disappointing clinical outcomes, why?

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  • Published: 09 November 2020
  • Volume 15, pages 221–231, (2021)
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mTOR-targeted cancer therapy: great target but disappointing clinical outcomes, why?
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  • Shi-Yong Sun1 

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Abstract

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) critically regulates several essential biological functions, such as cell growth, metabolism, survival, and immune response by forming two important complexes, namely, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and complex 2 (mTORC2). mTOR signaling is often dysregulated in cancers and has been considered an attractive cancer therapeutic target. Great efforts have been made to develop efficacious mTOR inhibitors, particularly mTOR kinase inhibitors, which suppress mTORC1 and mTORC2; however, major success has not been achieved. With the strong scientific rationale, the intriguing question is why cancers are insensitive or not responsive to mTOR-targeted cancer therapy in clinics. Beyond early findings on induced activation of PI3K/Akt, MEK/ERK, and Mnk/eIF4E survival signaling pathways that compromise the efficacy of rapalog-based cancer therapy, recent findings on the essential role of GSK3 in mediating cancer cell response to mTOR inhibitors and mTORC1 inhibition-induced upregulation of PD-L1 in cancer cells may provide some explanations. These new findings may also offer us the opportunity to rationally utilize mTOR inhibitors in cancer therapy. Further elucidation of the biology of complicated mTOR networks may bring us the hope to develop effective therapeutic strategies with mTOR inhibitors against cancer.

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Acknowledgements

I am grateful to Dr. Karin A. Albuerne in my laboratory for editing the manuscript. Shi-Yong Sun is a Georgia Research Alliance Distinguished Cancer Scientist.

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  1. Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA

    Shi-Yong Sun

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  1. Shi-Yong Sun
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Correspondence to Shi-Yong Sun.

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Shi-Yong Sun declares no conflict of interest. This manuscript is a review article and does not involve a research protocol requiring approval by the relevant institutional review board or ethics committee.

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Sun, SY. mTOR-targeted cancer therapy: great target but disappointing clinical outcomes, why?. Front. Med. 15, 221–231 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-020-0812-7

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  • Received: 06 May 2020

  • Accepted: 12 June 2020

  • Published: 09 November 2020

  • Issue Date: April 2021

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-020-0812-7

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Keywords

  • mTOR
  • cancer therapy
  • resistance
  • GSK3
  • protein degradation
  • E3 ubiquitin ligase
  • PD-L1
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