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Injuries of the axillary nerve

Verletzungen des N. axillaris

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Abstract

Axillary nerve injury can complicate trauma to the shoulder. Loss of active shoulder abduction indicates additional injury to the suprascapular nerve, rotator cuff or skeletal structures. Neurophysiological testing and magnetic resonance imaging help to define the injury. Axillary nerve palsy after dislocation of the glenohumeral joint recovers spontaneously in a large number of cases. There is a higher risk of disruption of the axillary nerve in cases presenting without recorded dislocation of the shoulder. In all cases, it is important to look for evidence of nerve continuity 2–3 months after injury. If nerve injury is associated with displaced fracture of the proximal humerus, then the nerves should be explored and internal fixation of the fracture performed. When continuity of the axillary nerve is in doubt, exploration of the nerve should be performed by 3 months after injury. If spontaneous recovery is unlikely, then repair is indicated, most commonly with a nerve graft. Transfer of a triceps branch of the radial nerve is an alternative, which may be appropriate in late-presenting cases. Reported outcomes suggest that in more than 70 % of cases it is possible to achieve a strength in the deltoid muscle of grade 3 or better according to the Medical Research Council scale. There are few options for late reconstruction of shoulder abduction, these giving only limited gain in function.

Zusammenfassung

Eine Schulterverletzung kann sich durch ein Trauma des N. axillaris verkomplizieren. Ist die aktive Schulterabduktion nicht mehr möglich, weist dies auf eine zusätzliche Schädigung des N. subrascapularis, der Rotatorenmanschette oder von Skelettstrukturen hin. Eine neurophysiologische Untersuchung und eine Magnetresonanztomographie tragen zur genaueren Bestimmung der Verletzung bei. In einem hohen Anteil der Fälle bildet sich eine Lähmung des N. axillaris nach Dislozierung des glenohumeralen Gelenks spontan zurück. Höher ist das Risiko eines Risses des N. axillaris in den Fällen, in denen keine Dislozierung der Schulter angegeben wird. In sämtlichen Fällen ist es wichtig, 2–3 Monate nach der Verletzung nach Hinweisen auf die Kontinuität des Nervs zu schauen. Wenn die Nervenverletzung mit einer dislozierten Fraktur des proximalen Humerus einhergeht, sollten die Nerven dargestellt und eine interne Fixation der Fraktur durchgeführt werden. Wenn Zweifel bestehen, ob die Kontinuität des N. axillaris erhalten ist, sollte die Exploration des Nervs innerhalb von 3 Monaten nach der Verletzung erfolgen. Ist eine Spontanheilung unwahrscheinlich, so ist die Rekonstruktion indiziert, zumeist mit einem Nerventransplantat. Der Transfer eines Trizepsasts des N. radialis stellt eine Alternative dar, die in Spätfällen geeignet sein kann. Publizierten Ergebnissen zufolge ist es in mehr als 70 % der Fälle möglich, eine Kraft im M. deltoideus des Stärkegrads 3 nach Medical Research Council (MRC) wiederzuerlangen. Es gibt nur wenige Optionen für eine Spätrekonstruktion in Bezug auf die Schulterabduktion, wobei es nur zu einer begrenzten Funktionsverbesserung kommt.

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Correspondence to Tim Hems DM, FRCS(Eng), FRCSEd(Orth).

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T. Hems states that there are no conflicts of interest.

The accompanying manuscript does not include studies on humans or animals.

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Hems, T. Injuries of the axillary nerve. Obere Extremität 10, 150–155 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11678-015-0323-3

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