Abstract
Large, thick steel shells for tooling applications have been produced using a robot manipulated electric arc spraying technique with steady-state temperatures ranging from 170 °C to 450 °C. Critical to these experiments has been the use of a real-time feedback control system for surface temperature based on infrared thermal imaging. There was a reproducible trend in net residual shell distortion as a function of temperature with residual tensile stresses in the shell for temperatures ≤210 °C and ≥390 °C, and net compressive stresses at intermediate temperatures. In-situ linear displacement sensor experiments have been used to investigate the dynamic distortion of sprayed steel shells on steel substrates, over the same range of surface temperatures. Residual and in-situ distortion measurements confirmed two manufacturing temperatures at which stresses in the steel shells were either minimized or eliminated. A numerical model has been developed to relate shell quench and transformations stresses to the shell dynamic distortion behavior. It is proposed that tensile quench stresses are balanced by the time- and temperature-dependent expansive austenite-to-bainite phase transformation.
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Rayment, T., Hoile, S. & Grant, P.S. Phase transformations and control of residual stresses in thick spray-formed steel shells. Metall Mater Trans B 35, 1113–1122 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-004-0067-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-004-0067-8