Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Development and Design of Binder Systems for Titanium Metal Injection Molding: An Overview

  • Published:
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Titanium metal injection molding (Ti-MIM) has been practiced since the late 1980s. Logically, the Ti-MIM practice follows the similar processes developed for the antecedent materials such as stainless steel and ceramics. Although Ti-MIM is a favorite research topic today, the issue of convincing the designers to use Ti injection-molded parts still exists. This is mainly because of the concern about contamination which seems unavoidable during the Ti-MIM process. Much information about the binder formulation, powder requirements, debinding, and sintering is available in the literature. There are several powder vendors and feedstock suppliers. However, most of the binders in the feedstock are proprietarily protected. The disclosed information on the binders used for formulating powder feedstock is very limited, which in turn discourages their adoption by engineering designers. This overview intends to discuss some of major binder systems for Ti-MIM available in the literature. It serves to provide a guideline for the Ti-MIM practitioners to choose a suitable powder feedstock.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. F.H. Froes: in Handbook of Advanced Materials, J.K. Weasel ed., McGraw, New York, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  2. G. Welsch, R. Boyer, and E.W. Collings: Materials Properties Handbook:Titanium Alloys, Materials Park, OH : ASM International, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  3. J.E. Barnes, W. Peter, and C.A. Blue: Mater. Sci. Forum, 2009, vols. 618-619, pp. 165-68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. F.H. Froes and M.A. Imam: Key Eng. Mater., 2010, vol. 436, pp. 1-11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. R.M. German: Powder Injection Molding, Metal Powder Industries Federation, Princeton, NJ, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Y. Kaneko, K. Ameyama, K. Saito, H. Iwasaki, and M. Tokizane: J. Jpn. Soc. Powder Metall., 1988, vol. 35, pp. 646-50.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. F. Froes: Powder Metall. Met. Ceram., 2007, vol. 46(5), pp. 303-10.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. R.M. German: Int. J. Powder Metall., 2010, vol. 46, pp. 11-17.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. T. Ebel, C. Blawert, R. Willumeit, B.J.C. Luthringer, O.M. Ferri, and F. Feyerabend: Adv. Eng. Mater., 2011, vol. 13(12), pp. B440-B53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. F.H. Froes and R.M. German: Metal Powder Report, 2000, vol. 55(6), pp. 12-21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. R.M. German: PIM Int., 2009, vol. 3(4), pp. 21-37.

    Google Scholar 

  12. U.M. Attia and J.R. Alcock: J. Micromech. Microeng., 2011, vol. 21(4), pp. 043001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. F.H. Froes: Mater. Technol., 2000, vol. 15 (4), pp. 295-99.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. F.H. Froes: Metal Powder Report, 2006, vol. 61 (11), pp. 20-23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. R.M. German and A. Rose: Injection Molding of Metals and Ceramics, Metal Powder Industries Federation, Princeton, NJ, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  16. E. Baril: PIM Int., 2010, vol. 4, pp. 22-33.

    Google Scholar 

  17. E. Baril, L.P. Lefebvre, and Y. Thomas: Powder Metall., 2011, vol. 54(3), pp. 183-87.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. H. Conrad: Progress in Materials Science, 1981, vol. 26, pp. 123-403.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Y. Ikeda, S. Ikeda, and S. Takaki: J. Jpn. Soc. Powder Metall., 1995, vol. 42, pp. 911-17.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. L.P. Lefebvre and E. Baril: Adv. Eng. Mater., 2008, vol. 10(9), pp. 868-76.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. J.A. Grohowski, B.S. Sherman, and J.T. Strauss: Proceedings of the 2003 International Conference on Powder Metallurgy & Particulate Materials, MPIF, Las Vegas, June 8–12, 2003, pp. 273–81.

  22. H. Conrad: Acta Metall., 1966, vol. 14(11), pp. 1631-33.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. K. Okazaki and H. Conrad: Acta Metall., 1973, vol. 21, pp. 1117-29.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. T. Ebel: Proceedings of the 5 th International Light Metals Technology Conference, Trans Tech Publications, Lueneburg, July 19–22, 2011, pp. 181–84.

  25. ASTM F67-06: Standard Specification for Unalloyed Titanium, for Surgical Implant Applications, 2006.

  26. ASTM F136-11: Standard Specification for Wrought Titanium-6Aluminum-4Vanadium ELI (Extra Low Interstitial) Alloy for Surgical Implant Applications, 2011.

  27. ASTM B348-11: Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Bars and Billets. 2011.

  28. ASTM B817-08: Standard Specification for Powder Metallurgy (PM) Titanium Alloy Structural Components, 2008.

  29. ASTM F2885-11: Standard Specification for Metal Injection Molded Titanium-6Aluminum-4Vanadium Components for Surgical Implant Applications, 2011.

  30. D. Price, A.R. Horrocks: Fire Retardancy of Polymeric Materials, A. Wilkie, A. B. Morgan (eds). CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  31. C.L. Beylerm, M.M. Hirschler: Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, P.J. DiNenno (ed) 2nd edn. SFPE, Boston, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  32. S.C. Moldoveanu: Analytical Pyrolysis of Synthetic Organic Polymers, Vol. 25. Elsevier, New York, 2005.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  33. S. Liang, Y. Tang, B. Huang, and S. Li: Trans. Nonferrous Metals Soc. China, 2004, vol. 14(4), pp. 762-68.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. K.F. Hens and R.M. German: Proceedings of the 1995 International Conference and Exhibition Powder Metallurgy and Particulate Materials, MPIF/APMI, Seattle, May 14–17, 1995, pp. 6.27–.36.

  35. K. Schwartzwalder: US Patent 2122960, 1938.

  36. Y. Kaneko, K. Ameyama, and S. Sakaguchi: J. Jpn. Soc. Powder Metall., 1990, vol. 37(5), p. 605.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. K. Kato: J. Jpn. Soc. Powder Metall., 1999, vol. 46(8), pp. 865-69.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. S. Guo, B. Duan, X. He, and X. Qu: Rare Metals, 2009, vol. 28, pp. 261-65.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. S. Guo, X. Qu, X. Wu, and X. He: J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2006, vol. 173, pp. 310-14.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. X. Qu, S. Guo, C. Tang, M. Qin, X. He, and S.H. Islam: Mater. Sci. Forum, 2007, vols. 539-543, pp. 2639-44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. E. Aust, W. Limberg, R. Gerling, B. Oger, and T. Ebel: Adv. Eng. Mater., 2006, vol. 8, pp. 365-70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. W. Limberg, E. Aust, T. Ebel, R. Gerling, and B. Oger: Proceedings of Powder Metallurgy World Congress & Exhibition, EPMA, Vienna, Austria, 17–21 October, 2004, vol. 4, pp. 457–62.

  43. H. Nakamura, T. Shimura, and K. Nakabayashi: J. Jpn. Soc. Powder Metall., 1999, vol. 46, pp. 870-76.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. B.O. Rhee, M.Y. Cao, H.R. Zhang, E. Streicher, and C.I. Chung: Advances in Powder Metallurgy-Part 2 Powder Injection Molding, Improved wax-based binder formulations for powder injection molding, Chicago, June 9–12, 1991, pp. 43–58.

  45. J.M. Adames: Chacterization of polymeric binders for metal injection molding (MIM) process, The University of Akron, 2007.

  46. S.J. Park, Y. Wu, F.F. Heaney, X. Zou, G. Gai, and R.M. German: Metall. Mater. Trans., A, 2009, vol. 40, pp. 215-22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. F.H. Froes: Development in titanium PIM., 2007. Available online from: http://www.webs1.uidaho.edu/imap/MPR%20Paper.pdf.

  48. T. Kono, A. Horata, and T. Kondo.: J. Jpn. Soc. Powder Metall., 1997, vol. 44, pp. 985-92.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. K. Kusaka: Proceedings of the 1996 World Congress on Powder Metallurgy and Particulate Materials, MPIF/APMI, Washington, June 16–21, 1996, pp. 19.127–.132.

  50. Y. Itoh, T. Hankou, K. Sato, and H. Miura: Proceedings of Powder Metallurgy World Congress & Exhibition, EPMA, Vienna, Austria, 17–21 October, 2004, vol. 4, pp. 445–450.

  51. S. Guo, X. Qu, B. Duan, M. Qin, and Y. Zhang: Rare Metal Materials and Engineering, 2005, vol. 34, pp. 1123-27.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. K. Maekawa, M. Takita, and H. Nomura: J. Jpn. Soc. Powder Metall., 1999, vol. 46, pp. 1053-57.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. R. Ibrahim, M. Azmirrudin, M. Jabir, M.R. Ismail, M. Muhamad, R. Awang, and S. Muhamad: Am. J. Appl. Sci., 2010, vol. 7, pp. 811-14.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. G. Farrow and A.B. Conciatori: European Patent EP0114746 A2, 1984.

  55. S. Krug, J.R.G. Evans, and J.H.H. ter Maat: J. Europ. Cer. Soc., 2000, vol. 20(14–15), pp. 2535-41.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. J. Benhoech, D. Weinand, W. Kochanek, and M. Bloemacher: US Patent 5362791, 1994.

  57. M. Bloemacher and D. Weinand: J. Mater. Process. Technol., 1997, vol. 63(1-3), pp. 918-22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. M. Blomacher, D. Weinand, H. Wohlfromn, and J.H.H.t. Maat: US Patent 2003093146, 2001.

  59. H.J. Sterzel and J.H.H. ter Maat: US Patent 5198489, 1993.

  60. H.J. Sterzel and H. Wohlfromn: US Patent 5604919, 1996.

  61. H. Wohlfromn, J. Assmann, H. Henrick, and M. Bloemacher: US Patent 2009/0288739, 2009.

  62. P.J. Vervoort, R. Vetter, and J. Duszczyk: Advanced Performance Materials, 1996, vol. 3, pp. 121-51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. CMF: available from http://www.cmfurnaces.com.

  64. Elnik: available from http://www.elnik.com/.

  65. P. Vervoort and I. Cremer: Proceedings of Euro PM 2000: Materials and Processing Trends for PM Components in Transportation, Munich, 18–20 October, 1994, pp. 159–62.

  66. S. Krug, J.R.G. Evans, and J.H.H. ter Maat: Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2001, vol. 21(12), pp. 2275-83.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. G. Fu, N.H. Loh, S.B. Tor, B.Y. Tay, Y. Murakoshi, R. Maeda (2005) Appl. Phys. A 81(3), 495-500.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. BASF: Catamold: Imagination is the only limit, 2nd August, 2012. Retrieved from: http://www.basf.com/group/corporate/en/literature-document:/Sales+Products+Catamold+Ti-Brochure--Catamold+Imagination+is+the+only+Limit-English.pdf.

  69. J. Ebenhoech, J.H.H. ter Maat, and H.J. Sterzel: Proceedings of the 1991 Powder Metallurgy Conference and Exhibition, MPIF/APMI, Chicago, June 9-12, 1991, vol. 2, pp. 159–161.

  70. D.C. Kruger: US Patent 5,531,958, 1996.

  71. H.J. Sterzel, J.H.H. ter Maat, J. Ebenhoech, and M. Meyer: US Patent 5145900, 1992.

  72. N. Goyer, D. Begin, C. Beaudry, M. Bouchard, G. Carrier, G. Lavoure, N. Noisel, and M. Gerin: Prevention guide—Formaldehyde in the work place, 2006. Available from: www.irsst.qc.ca/media/documents/PubIRSST/RG-473.pdf.

  73. J.M. Torralba, J. Hidalgo, and A. Jimenez-Morales: The 8th International Conference on Industrial Tools and Materials Processing Technologies, Powder Injection Moulding: Processing of Small Parts of Complex Shape, TECOS, Ljubljana, Slovenia, 2–5 October, 2011, pp. 53–58.

  74. BASF: Catamold ® Ti, 2008. Available from: http://www.catamold.de/ca/internet/Catamold/en_GB/function/conversions:/publish/content/Microsite/Catamold/Technische_Informationen_/Produktdatenblaetter/DataSheet_Catamold_Ti.pdf.

  75. E.R. Herrmann: US Patent 3234308, 1966.

  76. K.S. Weil, E.A. Nyberg, K.L. Simmons: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2005, vol. 46, pp. 1525-31.

    Google Scholar 

  77. K.S. Weil, N. Eric, and S. Kevin: J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2006, vol. 176, pp. 205-09.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. R. Ronald: US Patent 4113480, 1976.

  79. N. Sarkar and G.K. Greminger: Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 1983, vol. 62, pp. 1280-88.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. H. Abolhasani and N. Muhamad: J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2010, vol. 210(6–7), pp. 961-68.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. J.E. Glass: Water-Soluble Polymers in Advances in Chemistry. American Chemistry Society, Washington, DC, 1986.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  82. Y. Osada, K. Kajiwara, T. Tanaka, and H. Ishida: Gels Handbook, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  83. M.Y. Cao, J.W. O’Connor, and C.I. Chung: Proceedings of the 1992 Powder Metallurgy World Congress, APMI, San Francisco, Princeton, 16-21 June, 1992, pp. 85–98.

  84. M.Y. Anwar, P.F. Messer, B. Ellis, and H.A. Davies: Powder Metall., 1995, vol. 38, pp. 113-19.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. H.I. Bakan, Y. Jumadi, P.F. Messer, H.A. Davies, and B. Ellis: Powder Metall., 1998, 41, pp. 289-91.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. G. Chen, G.A. Wen, P. Cao, N. Edmonds, and Y.M. Li: PIM Inter., 2012, 6, pp.83-88.

    Google Scholar 

  87. G. Chen, G.A. Wen, N. Edmonds, P. Cao, and Y.M.Li: Key Eng. Mater., 2012, 520, pp.173-80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. A.T. Sidambe, I.A. Figueroa, H. Hamilton, and I. Todd: PIM Int., 2010, vol. 4(4), pp. 54-62.

    Google Scholar 

  89. A.T. Sidambe, I.A. Figueroa, H.G.C. Hamilton, and I. Todd: J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2012, vol. 212(7), pp. 1591-97.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. K.F. Hens, D.M. Kupp, R.A. Alexander, and K.-H. Schofalvi: US Patent 5332537, 1992.

  91. M. Takayama, M. Miyake, and Y. Ohyama: Binder for use in metal powder injection moulding and debinding method by the use of the same, WO 96/25261, 1996.

  92. X. Yang and R.J. Petcavich: US Patent 6008281, 1999.

  93. S.W. Shalaby, C.L. McCormick and G.B. Butler: Water-Soluble Polymers: Synthesis, Solution Properties and Applications, American Chemical Society, Washington D.C., 1991.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  94. A.J. Fanelli, R.D. Silvers, W.S. Frei, J.V. Burlew, and G.B. Marsh: Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 1989, vol. 72(10), pp. 1833-36.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. R.D. Rivers: US Patent 4113480, 1978.

  96. J.E. Schuetz: Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 1986, vol. 65(12), pp. 1556-59.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. A.J. Fanelli, G.B. March, J.V. Burlew, C.P. Ballard, and W.S. Feri: US Patent 5,250,251, 1993.

  98. A.J. Fanelli and R.D. Silvers: Process for injection molding ceramic composition employing an agaroid gell-forming material to add green strength a preform, US Patent 4,734,237, 1988.

  99. M. Behi: Stable aqueous iron based feedstock formulation for injection moulding, WO 02/09900, 2002.

  100. M. Behi: Improvement of flow characteristics of metal feedstock for injected moulding, WO-02/45889, 2002.

  101. M. Behi: PhD Thesis, New Jersey Institute of Technology, New Jersey, 2001.

  102. K. Suzuki and T. Fukushima: US Patent 6171360, 2001.

  103. H. Tokura, K. Morobayashi, Y. Noro, and Y. Ishii: Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering, 2001, vol. 67, pp. 322-26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. M. Behi: US 2006/0054856, 2006.

  105. MPR: Metal Powder Rep., 2006, vol. 61(10), pp. 22–27.

  106. S.W. Kennedy: Metal Powder Report, 1990, 45(9): pp. 597-99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. G. Schlieper: PIM Inter., 2009, 3(1), pp. 21-27.

    Google Scholar 

  108. M. Qian: Int. J. Powder Metall., 2010, vol. 46(5), pp. 29-44.

    Google Scholar 

  109. K. Ameyama, Y. Kaneko, H. Iwasaki, and M. Tokizane: Zairyo/Journal of the Society of Materials Science, 1990, vol. 39, pp. 120-25 (in Japanese).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. T. Ieki, T. Katoh, A. Matsumoto, T. Masui, and K. Andoh: J. Jpn. Soc. Powder Metall., 1997, vol. 44, pp. 448-52.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. E. Nyberg, M. Miller, K. Simmons, and K.S. Weil: Mater. Sci. Eng., C, 2005, vol. 25(3), pp. 336-42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  112. S. Guo, H. Zhang, R. Zhang, X. He, M. Qin, and X. Qu: Beijing Keji Daxue Xuebao/Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing, 2007, vol. 29, pp. 721-24.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. H. Miura, T. Takemasu, Y. Kuwano, Y. Itoh, and K. Sato: J. Jpn. Soc. Powder Metall., 2006, vol. 53, pp. 815-20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. O.M. Ferri, T. Ebel, and R. Bormann: Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2009, vol. 504(1–2), pp. 107-13.

    Google Scholar 

  115. G.C. Obasi, O.M. Ferri, T. Ebel, and R. Bormann: Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2010, vol. 527, pp. 3929-35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. O.M. Ferri, T. Ebel, and R. Bormann: Proceedings of the 139 th TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition, TMS, Seattle, WA, 14–18 February, 2010, vol. 3, pp. 170–76.

  117. Y. Itoh, T. Uematsu, K. Sato, H. Miura, and M. Niinomi: J. Jpn. Soc. Powder Metall., 2006, vol. 53(9), pp. 750-54.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. S. Terauchi, T. Teraoka, T. Shinkuma, and T. Sugimoto: J. Jpn. Soc. Powder Metall., 2000, vol. 47(12), pp. 1283-87.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Y.C. Kim, S. Lee, S. Ahn, and N.J. Kim: J. Mater. Sci., 2007, vol. 42, pp. 2048-53.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. H. Zhang, X. He, X. Qu, and L. Zhao: Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2009, vol. 526(1–2), pp. 31-37.

    Google Scholar 

  121. R. Gerling, E. Aust, W. Limberg, M. Pfuff, and F.P. Schimansky: Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2006, vol. 423(1–2), pp. 262-68.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Y. Itoh, H. Miura, K. Sato, and M. Niinomi: Mater. Sci. Forum, 2007, vols. 534-536, pp. 357-60.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. T. Osada, H. Miura, Y. Itoh, M. Fujita, and N. Arimoto: J. Jpn. Soc. Powder Metall., 2008, vol. 55(10), pp. 726-31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Y. Itoh, T. Uematsu, K. Sato, H. Miura, and M. Niinomi: J. Jpn. Soc. Powder Metall., 2008, vol. 55, pp. 720-25.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Y. Xu, H. Nomura, M. Takita, and H. Toda: J. Jpn. Soc. Powder Metall., 2001, vol. 48(4), pp. 316-21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. H. Kyogoku and S. Kumatsu: J. Jpn. Soc. Powder Metall., 1999, vol. 46, pp. 1103-07.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. M. Bram, A. Ahmad-Khanlou, A. Heckmann, B. Fuchs, H.P. Buchkremer, and D. Stöver: Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2002, vol. 337(1-2), pp. 254-63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  128. M. Köhl, T. Habijan, M. Bram, H.P. Buchkremer, D. Stöver, and M. Köller: Adv. Eng. Mater., 2009, vol. 11(12), pp. 959-68.

    Google Scholar 

  129. L. Krone, J. Mentz, M. Bram, H.P. Buchkremer, D. Stöver, M. Wagner, G. Eggeler, D. Christ, S. Reese, D. Bogdanski, M. Köller, S.A. Esenwein, G. Muhr, O. Prymak, and M. Epple: Adv. Eng. Mater., 2005, vol. 7(7), pp. 613-19.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. L. Krone, E. Schüller, M. Bram, O. Hamed, H.P. Buchkremer, and D. Stöver: Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2004, vol. 378(1–2), pp. 185-90.

    Google Scholar 

  131. J. Mentz, M. Bram, H.P. Buchkremer, and D. Stöver: Adv. Eng. Mater., 2006, vol. 8(4), pp. 247-52.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. E. Schöller, L. Krone, M. Bram, H.P. Buchkremer, and D. Ståaver: J. Mater. Sci., 2005, vol. 40(16), pp. 4231-38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  133. H. Kyogoku, S. Komatsu, K. Shinohara, H. Jinushi, and T. Toda: J. Jpn. Soc. Powder Metall., 1994, vol. 41, pp.1075-79.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. H. Kyogoku, S. Komatsu, I. Tsuchitori, and T. Toda: J. Jpn. Soc. Powder Metall., 1995, vol. 42(9), pp. 1052-56.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Y. Itoh, T. Uematsu, K. Sato, H. Miura, M. Niinomi, and M. Ikeda: J. Jpn. Soc. Powder Metall., 2006, vol. 53, pp. 821-26.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. N.E. Kamber, Y. Tsujii, K. Keets, R.M. Waymouth, R.C. Pratt, G.W. Nyce, and J.L. Hedrick: Journal of Chemical Education, 2010, vol. 87(5), pp. 519-21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. H. Hamilton: Method, WO/2011/045601 A1, 2011.

  138. J. Capus: Metal Powder Report, 2011, vol. 66(3), pp.9-12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand

    Guian Wen (Post Doctoral Fellow) & Peng Cao (Senior Lecturer)

  2. School of Engineering, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand

    Brian Gabbitas (Associate Professor) & Deliang Zhang (Professor)

  3. School of Chemical Science, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand

    Neil Edmonds (Senior Lecturer)

Authors
  1. Guian Wen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Peng Cao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Brian Gabbitas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Deliang Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Neil Edmonds
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Peng Cao.

Additional information

Manuscript submitted January 30, 2012.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Wen, G., Cao, P., Gabbitas, B. et al. Development and Design of Binder Systems for Titanium Metal Injection Molding: An Overview. Metall Mater Trans A 44, 1530–1547 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-012-1485-x

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-012-1485-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation