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Effects of 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide on the cell cycle, apoptosis, and steroid hormone secretion of goat ovarian granulosa cells

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Abstract

4-Vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) is a potentially hazardous industrial chemical that may enter a goat’s body in various ways during industrial breeding. Ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) play a critical role in supporting follicle development and hormone synthesis. However, there are few studies on the effect of VCD on goat ovarian GCs. In this study, goat ovarian GCs were isolated and treated with VCD. The results showed that treatment with VCD increased the proportion of S phase and G2/M cells, but decreased the proportion of G1 phase. VCD treatment significantly inhibited the expression of cyclin A and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2). But the expression levels of p21 and p27 were increased. VCD could induce an apparent increase in the proportion of apoptosis and the level of cleaved caspase 3. Treatment with VCD significantly reduced the progesterone and estrogen concentration in the medium in which goat ovarian GCs were cultured. Correspondingly, the expression level of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR) was significantly downregulated. Treatment with 0.25 and 0.5 mM VCD, the protein expression level of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) and Akt were significantly decreased. Moreover, treatment with 0.25 mM VCD significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt. In conclusion, VCD exposure had cytotoxic effects such as decreased cell viability, disordered cell cycle, increased apoptosis, and interference with steroid hormone synthesis on goat GCs. These cytotoxic effects of VCD on goat GCs may be due to the downregulation of IGF1R and the inhibition of IGF1R/Akt signaling pathway.

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Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 31772818.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China

    Yuyang Miao, Wenjing Wan, Kunyuan Zhu, Menghao Pan, Xiaoe Zhao, Baohua Ma & Qiang Wei

  2. College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, 712100, Yangling, China

    Yuyang Miao, Wenjing Wan, Kunyuan Zhu, Menghao Pan, Xiaoe Zhao, Baohua Ma & Qiang Wei

Authors
  1. Yuyang Miao
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  2. Wenjing Wan
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  3. Kunyuan Zhu
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  4. Menghao Pan
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  5. Xiaoe Zhao
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  6. Baohua Ma
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  7. Qiang Wei
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Contributions

Yuyang Miao: performed the experiments and drafted the manuscript. Wenjing Wan and Kunyuan Zhu: performed part of the experiments and data analysis. Menghao Pan, Xiaoe Zhao, Baohua Ma, Qiang Wei: conceived and supervised the project. All authors approved the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Baohua Ma or Qiang Wei.

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This study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, China. All animal procedures were performed under the control of the Guidelines for Animal Experiments by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, China.

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Miao, Y., Wan, W., Zhu, K. et al. Effects of 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide on the cell cycle, apoptosis, and steroid hormone secretion of goat ovarian granulosa cells. In Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.-Animal 58, 220–231 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11626-022-00663-0

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