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Polymer electrolytes for lithium ion batteries: a critical study

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Abstract

Polymer electrolytes (PEs) are an essential component being used in most energy storage/conversion devices. The present review article on a brief history, advantage, and their brief application of polymer electrolyte systems. It consists of a glimpse on liquid, gel, and solid polymer electrolyte and a contrast comparison concerning benefits/disadvantages among the three. The article started with a brief introduction of polymer electrolytes followed by their varieties and extreme uses. The role of host polymer matrix by taking numerous examples of polymer electrolyte published by the different renowned group of the concerned field has been explored. The criteria for selection of appropriate host polymer, salt, inorganic filler/clay, and aprotic solvents to be used in polymer electrolyte have been discussed in detail. The mostly used polymer, salt, solvents, and inorganic filler/clay list has been prepared in order to keep the data bank at one place for new researchers. This article comprises different methodologies for the preparation of polymer electrolyte films. The different self-proposed mechanisms (like VTF, WLF, free volume theory, dispersed/intercalated mechanisms, etc.) have been discussed in order to explain the lithium ion conduction in polymer electrolyte systems. A numerous characterization techniques and their resulting analysis have been summarized from the different published reports at one place for better awareness of the scientific community/reader of the area.

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Abbreviations

AFM:

Atomic force microscope

AgNO3 :

Silver nitrate

Al2O3 :

Aluminium oxide

AlCl4 :

Tetrachloroaluminate

ALE:

Aqueous liquid electrolyte

BaTiO3 :

Barium titnate

ACN:

Acetonitrile

CNT:

Carbon nanotube

CPE:

Composite polymer electrolyte

DEC:

Diethyl carbonate

DMC:

Dimethyl carbonate

DMF:

Dimethyl formamide

DMSO:

Dimethyl sulfoxide

DN:

Donor number

DSC:

Differential scanning calorimetry

EC:

Ethylene carbonate

EDX:

Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy

ESW:

Electrochemical stability window

FESEM:

Field emission scanning electron microscope

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

GPEs:

Gel polymer electrolytes

IL:

Ionic liquid

LIB:

Lithium ion battery

LiBETI:

Lithium-bisperfluoroethylsulfonyl imide

LiBF4 :

Lithium tetrafluoroborate

LiBOB:

Lithium bis(oxalato)borate

LiCF3SO3 :

Lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate

LiClO4 :

Lithium perchlorate

LiCoO2 :

Lithium cobalte oxide

LiDFOB:

Llithium difluoro(oxalate)borate

LiFePO4 :

Lithium iron phosphate

LiPF6 :

Lithium hexafluorophosphate

LiTFSI:

Lithium bis-trifluoromethanesulfonimide

LLTO:

Lithium lanthanum titanate

LPEs:

Liquid polymer electrolytes

Mg(NO3)2 :

Mmagnesium nitrate

MMT:

Montmorillonite

NaClO4 :

Sodium perchlorate

NALE:

Non-aqueous liquid electrolyte

NaPF6 :

Sodium hexafluorophosphate

NaPO3 :

Sodium hexametaphosphate

NM:

Nitromethane

NMP:

N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone

NMR:

Nuclear magnetic resonance

P(AN-co-MMA):

Poly(acrylonitrile-co-methyl methacrylate)

PAN:

Poly(acrylonitrile)

PC:

Propylene carbonate

PCL:

Poly(ε-caprolactone)

PDMS:

Polydimethylsiloxane

PEG:

Polyethylene glycol

PEGDMA:

Poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate)

PEMA:

Poly(ethyl methacrylate)

PEO:

Poly(ethylene) oxide

PEs:

Polymer electrolytes

PMMA:

Poly(methyl methacrylate)

PNC:

Polymer nanocomposite

PPO:

Poly(propylene oxide)

PS:

Polystyrene

PVA:

Poly(vinyl alcohol)

PVB:

Polyvinyl butyral

PVC:

Poly(vinyl chloride)

PVdF:

Poly(vinylidenedifluoride)

PVdF-HFP:

Poly(vinylidenedifluoridehexafluoropropylene)

SAED:

Surface area electron diffraction pattern

SiO2 :

Silicon oxide

SnO2 :

Tin dioxide

SPEs:

Solid polymer electrolytes

Sr2O3 :

Strontium oxide

TEM:

Transmission electron microscopy

T g :

Glass transition temperature

TGA:

Thermogravimetric analysis

THF:

Tetrahydrofuran

TiO2 :

Titanum oxide

VTF:

Vogel–Tamman–Fulcher

WLF:

Williams–Landel–Ferry

XRD:

X-ray diffraction

ZrO2 :

Zirconium oxide

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Arya, A., Sharma, A.L. Polymer electrolytes for lithium ion batteries: a critical study. Ionics 23, 497–540 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-016-1908-6

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