Abstract
Knowledge is a strategically important resource, but research is needed to elucidate individual issues in knowledge sharing, particularly cross-contextual examinations. Thus, we developed a contextualized, extended model of knowledge sharing intentions based on the theory of planned behavior, and tested it using large samples of employees from the US, and from Ukraine, where anecdotal evidence suggests pandemic knowledge hoarding. Tests of the model in each country produced significant results for all of the path coefficients in the US, and for all but two paths in Ukraine. Comparative analysis for hypothesis testing indicated that, overall, individuals’ dispositions and attitudes were more relevant for understanding knowledge sharing intentions in the individualistic context of the US, while collective, relational elements were stronger in Ukraine, but with notable exceptions, particularly the influence of societal knowledge control norms. The results provide important implications for theory concerning knowledge sharing across contexts, including institutional theory assumptions, and for efficaciously managing knowledge processes, including cross-national knowledge transfers.
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Notes
Adapted and reproduced with special permission of the Publisher, Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
Although we do not advance hypotheses in each country, the necessary analysis in each country indicates that all of the path coefficients were statistically significant (the weakest being p < 0.01) in the US, and that only two path coefficients, those between conscientiousness and knowledge sharing attitudes, and between fear of negative evaluation and relational screening, were not statistically significant in Ukraine. Also, a 95 % confidence interval supported the indirect effects of control norms in both countries. A 99 % confidence interval confirmed the indirect effects of control norms in Ukraine, and the effects of control norms via attitudes in the US. Yet, the effect of control norms via relational screening was not confirmed in the US, as the confidence interval included zero. Complete results concerning indirect effects are available from the authors.
We thank Professor Henseler for providing the necessary program for conducting this test.
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Appendices
Appendix 1: Items for Original Instruments
I. Knowledge sharing attitudes | |
AKS1 | I agree when organizations encourage sharing knowledge within the unit |
AKS2 | Information should be freely shared across the whole organization |
AKS3 | Organizations should encourage knowledge sharing by all employees |
AKS4 | Organizations should promote knowledge sharing across units within the organization |
AKS5 | Departments in the company should be willing to share knowledge with other departments |
II. Control norms | |
Cont1 | Knowledge should be tightly controlled |
Cont2 | I agree when organizations encourage employees to tightly control knowledge |
Cont3 | Companies should do more to restrict access to knowledge |
Cont4 | Organizations should create policies designed to strictly control access to knowledge |
Cont5 | The more tightly the company controls knowledge the better |
III. Relational screening | |
R1 | I am likely to share knowledge regardless of how the requestor treated me in the past. (reverse-coded) |
R2 | A person’s actions toward me in the past affects whether I share knowledge with her or him |
R3 | I am willing to share knowledge with someone in the company who needs it even if we did not have a good relationship in the past. (reverse-coded) |
IV. Intent to share knowledge | |
I1 | My first tendency is to share knowledge if someone requests it |
I2 | I am inclined to share knowledge regardless of its size |
I3 | I believe it is best for me to protect knowledge instead of making it available to others in the company. (reverse-coded) |
I4 | I tend to avoid situations where I might be asked to share knowledge. (reverse-coded) |
I5 | My first tendency is to protect, and therefore not share knowledge, if someone requests it. (reverse-coded) |
I6 | I am more likely to share knowledge with someone in my company than to deny their request |
Appendix 2: Common Method Variance Analysis
Latent variable | Indicator | Substantive factor loading (R1) | R12 | Method factor loading (R2) | R22 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country: Ukrainea | |||||
Need for control | NC1 | 0.79*** | 0.62 | −0.03 | <0.01 |
NC2 | 0.80*** | 0.64 | 0.04* | <0.01 | |
NC3 | 0.64*** | 0.40 | −0.01 | <0.01 | |
Conscientiousness | ConA | 0.74*** | 0.54 | −0.00 | 0.00 |
ConD | 0.82*** | 0.67 | −0.02 | <0.01 | |
ConO | 0.75*** | 0.56 | 0.06* | <0.01 | |
ConS | 0.85*** | 0.72 | −0.03 | <0.01 | |
Fear of negative evaluation | F1 | 0.71*** | 0.50 | 0.05 | <0.01 |
F2 | 0.78*** | 0.60 | 0.01 | <0.01 | |
F3 | 0.79*** | 0.62 | 0.01 | <0.01 | |
F4 | 0.72*** | 0.51 | 0.02 | <0.01 | |
F5 | 0.73*** | 0.53 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
F6 | 0.74*** | 0.54 | −0.06** | <0.01 | |
F7 | 0.64*** | 0.40 | −0.03 | <0.01 | |
Knowledge sharing attitudes | AKS1 | 0.77*** | 0.59 | 0.01 | <0.01 |
AKS2 | 0.61*** | 0.37 | 0.06 | <0.01 | |
AKS3 | 0.72*** | 0.51 | −0.05 | <0.01 | |
AKS4 | 0.74*** | 0.54 | −0.06 | <0.01 | |
AKS5 | 0.68*** | 0.46 | 0.05 | <0.01 | |
Control norms | Cont1 | 0.69*** | 0.47 | 0.07** | <0.01 |
Cont2 | 0.78*** | 0.60 | 0.09*** | <0.01 | |
Cont3 | 0.60*** | 0.36 | −0.16*** | 0.02 | |
Cont4 | 0.77*** | 0.59 | 0.03 | <0.01 | |
Cont5 | 0.67*** | 0.44 | −0.04 | <0.01 | |
Relational screening | R1 | 0.82*** | 0.67 | −0.03 | <0.01 |
R2 | 0.69*** | 0.47 | 0.24* | 0.05 | |
R3 | 0.74*** | 0.54 | −0.12** | 0.01 | |
Self-efficacy | Eff1 | 0.77*** | 0.59 | −0.03 | <0.01 |
Eff2 | 0.45*** | 0.20 | 0.13** | 0.01 | |
Eff3 | 0.79*** | 0.62 | −0.06** | <0.01 | |
Intent to share knowledge | I1 | 0.91*** | 0.82 | −0.18* | 0.03 |
I2 | 0.85*** | 0.72 | −0.14* | 0.02 | |
I3 | 0.59*** | 0.34 | 0.11 | 0.01 | |
I4 | 0.66*** | 0.43 | 0.03 | <0.01 | |
I5 | 0.49*** | 0.24 | 0.17* | 0.02 | |
I6 | 0.66*** | 0.43 | 0.05 | <0.01 | |
Average | 0.720833 | 0.52 | 0.005 | 0.0072 | |
Country: United Statesb | |||||
Need for control | NC1 | 0.80*** | 0.64 | 0.08*** | <0.01 |
NC2 | 0.82*** | 0.67 | −0.01 | <0.01 | |
NC3 | 0.64*** | 0.40 | −0.09** | <0.01 | |
Conscientiousness | ConA | 0.77*** | 0.59 | −0.04 | <0.01 |
ConD | 0.79*** | 0.62 | 0.07** | <0.01 | |
ConO | 0.73*** | 0.53 | 0.02 | <0.01 | |
ConS | 0.86*** | 0.73 | −0.05* | <0.01 | |
Fear of negative evaluation | F1 | 0.90*** | 0.81 | 0.05** | <0.01 |
F2 | 0.79*** | 0.62 | −0.09*** | <0.01 | |
F3 | 0.88*** | 0.77 | −0.01 | <0.01 | |
F4 | 0.88*** | 0.77 | 0.03 | <0.01 | |
F5 | 0.85*** | 0.72 | 0.07** | <0.01 | |
F6 | 0.60*** | 0.36 | 0.02 | <0.01 | |
F7 | 0.85*** | 0.72 | 0.05*** | <0.01 | |
Knowledge sharing attitudes | AKS1 | 0.72*** | 0.51 | 0.06* | <0.01 |
AKS2 | 0.74*** | 0.54 | 0.03 | <0.01 | |
AKS3 | 0.67*** | 0.44 | −0.00 | 0.00 | |
AKS4 | 0.87*** | 0.75 | −0.05 | <0.01 | |
AKS5 | 0.83*** | 0.68 | −0.03 | <0.01 | |
Control norms | Cont1 | 0.83*** | 0.68 | 0.02 | <0.01 |
Cont2 | 0.89*** | 0.79 | 0.06* | <0.01 | |
Cont3 | 0.77*** | 0.59 | −0.09*** | <0.01 | |
Cont4 | 0.86*** | 0.73 | −0.00 | 0.00 | |
Cont5 | 0.88*** | 0.77 | 0.02 | <0.01 | |
Relational screening | R1 | 0.85*** | 0.72 | 0.025 | <0.01 |
R2 | 0.76*** | 0.57 | 0.02 | <0.01 | |
R3 | 0.78*** | 0.60 | −0.05 | <0.01 | |
Self-efficacy | Eff1 | 0.69*** | 0.47 | 0.10* | 0.01 |
Eff2 | 0.70*** | 0.49 | −0.11** | 0.01 | |
Eff3 | 0.78*** | 0.60 | −0.00 | 0.00 | |
Intent to share knowledge | I1 | 0.96*** | 0.92 | −0.25*** | 0.06 |
I2 | 0.80*** | 0.64 | −0.16*** | 0.02 | |
I3 | 0.51*** | 0.26 | 0.28*** | 0.07 | |
I4 | 0.38*** | 0.14 | 0.31*** | 0.09 | |
I5 | 0.79*** | 0.62 | −0.03 | <0.01 | |
I6 | 0.83*** | 0.68 | −0.11** | 0.01 | |
Average | 0.779167 | 0.62 | 0.004028 | 0.01014 |
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Stewart Jr., W.H., May, R.C. & Ledgerwood, D.E. Do You Know What I Know? Intent to Share Knowledge in the US and Ukraine. Manag Int Rev 55, 737–773 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-015-0252-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-015-0252-9