Abstract
Feeling of knowing (FOK) is a metacognitive process which allows individuals to predict the likelihood that they will be able to remember, in the future, information which they currently cannot recall. Although FOK provides evidence for the mechanisms of metacognitive systems, the neurobiological basis of FOK is still unclear. We investigated the neural correlates of FOK induced by an episodic memory task in 77 younger adult participants. Data were gathered using event-related potentials (ERPs). ERP components during high, low, extremely high and extremely low FOK judgments were analyzed. Stimulus-locked ERP analyses indicated that FOK judgment was associated with greater positivity for P200 component at frontal, central, and parietal electrode zones and greater negativity for the N200 component at parietal electrode zones. Furthermore, results revealed that amplitude of the ERP components for FOK judgments were affected by the level of FOK judgment. Results suggest that ERP components of FOK judgment observed within a 200 ms time window support the perceptual fluency-based model.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Addante RJ, Ranganath C, Olichney J, Yonelinas AP (2012a) Neurophysiological evidence for a recollection impairment in amnesia patients that leaves familiarity intact. Neuropsychologia 50(13):3004–3014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.07.038
Addante RJ, Ranganath C, Yonelinas AP (2012b) Examining ERP correlates of recognition memory: evidence of accurate source recognition without recollection. NeuroImage 62(1):439–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.04.031
Allan K, Wilding EL, Rugg M (1998) Electrophysiological evidence for dissociable processes contributing to recollection. Acta Psychol. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-6918(97)00044-9
Ariely D, Zakay D (2001) A timely account of the role of duration in decision making. Acta Physiol 108(2):187–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-6918(01)00034-8
Ariely D, Kahneman D, Loewenstein G (2000) Joint commentary on the importance of, duration in ratings of and choices between, sequences of outcomes. J Exp Psychol Gen 129:524–529. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Bonini F, Burle B, Lieǵeois-Chauvel C, Reǵis J, Chauvel P, Vidal F (2014) Action monitoring and medial frontal cortex: leading role of supplementary motor area. Science 343(6173):888–891. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1247412
Busey TA, Tunnicliff J (2000) Accounts of the confidence-accuracy relation in recognition memory. Most 7(1):26–48
Carter CS, Braver TS, Barch DM, Botvinick MM, Noll D, Cohen JD (1998) Anterior cingulate cortex, error detection, and the online monitoring of performance. Science 280(5364):747–749. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.280.5364.747
Chua EF, Schacter DL, Rand-Giovannetti E, Sperling RA (2006) Understanding metamemory: neural correlates of the cognitive process and subjective level of confidence in recognition memory. NeuroImage 29(4):1150–1160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.09.058
Chua E, Schacter DL, Sperling R (2009) Neural correlates of metamemory. J Cognitive Neurosci 21(9):1751–1765. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21123.Neural
Chua EF, Pergolizzi D, Weintraub RR (2014) The cognitive neuroscience of metamemory monitoring: understanding metamemory processes, subjective levels expressed, and metacognitive accuracy. In: Fleming SM, Frith CD (eds) The cognitive neuroscience of metacognition, vol 9783642451. Springer, Berlin, pp 267–291. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45190-4_12
Curran T (2000) Brain potentials of recollection and familiarity. Mem Cognit 28(6):923–938. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03209340
Curran T (2004) Effects of attention and confidence on the hypothesized ERP correlates of recollection and familiarity. Neuropsychologia 42(8):1088–1106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2003.12.011
Curran T, Dien J (2003) Differentiating amodal familiarity from modality-specific memory processes: an ERP study. Psychophysiology 40:979–988. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-8986.00116
Damasio AR (1996) The somatic marker hypothesis and the possible functions of the prefrontal cortex. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 351(1346):1413–1420. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1996.0125
Diana RA, Vilberg KL, Reder LM (2005) Identifying the ERP correlate of a recognition memory search attempt. Cognitive Brain Res 24(3):674–684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.04.001
Do Lam ATA, Axmacher N, Fell J, Staresina BP, Gauggel S, Wagner T et al (2012) Monitoring the mind: the neurocognitive correlates of metamemory. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030009
Dougherty MRP (2001) Integration of the ecological and error models of overconfidence using a multiple-trace memory model. J Exp Psychol Gen 130(4):579–599. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.130.4.579
Doyle MC, Rugg MD, Wells T (1996) A comparison of the electrophysiological effects of formal and repetition priming. Psychophysiology 33(2):132–147. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1996.tb02117.x
Dunn BR, Dunn DA, Languis M, Andrews D (1998) The relation of ERP components to complex memory processing. Brain Cognit 36(3):355–376. https://doi.org/10.1006/brcg.1998.0998
Düzel E, Yonelinas AP, Mangun GR, Heinze HJ, Tulving E (1997) Event-related brain potential correlates of two states of conscious awareness in memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94(May):5973–5978. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.11.5973
Eimer M, Mazza V (2005) Electrophysiological correlates of change detection. Psychophysiology 42(3):328–342. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00285.x
Elman JA, Klostermann EC, Marian DE, Verstaen A, Shimamura AP (2012) Neural correlates of metacognitive monitoring during episodic and semantic retrieval. Cognitive Affect Behav Neurosci 12(3):599–609. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-012-0096-8
Evans KM, Federmeier KD (2007) The memory that’s right and the memory that’s left: event-related potentials reveal hemispheric asymmetries in the encoding and retention of verbal information. Neuropsychologia 45(8):1777–1790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.12.014
Fernandez-Duque D, Baird JA, Posner MI (2000) Executive attention and metacognitive regulation. Conscious Cognit 9(2):288–307. https://doi.org/10.1006/ccog.2000.0447
Fleming SM, Lau HC (2014) How to measure metacognition. Front Hum Neurosci 8:1–3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00443
Fleming SM, Ryu J, Golfinos JG, Blackmon KE (2014) Domain-specific impairment in metacognitive accuracy following anterior prefrontal lesions. Brain 137(10):2811–2822. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awu221
Funnell M, Metcalfe J, Tsapkani K (1996) In the mind but not on the tongue: feeling of knowing in an anomic patient. In: Reder LM (ed) Implicit memory and metacognition. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, pp 171–194
Garland R (1991) The mid-point on a rating scale: is it desirable. Mark Bull 2(1):66–70. https://doi.org/citeulike-article-id:4775464
Glucksberg S, McCloskey M (1981) Decisions about ignorance: knowing that you don’t know. J Exp Psychol Hum Learn Mem 7(5):311–325. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.7.5.311
Göz I (2003) Yazılı Türkçe’nin kelime sıklığı sözlüğü. TDK Yayınları, Ankara
Hart JT (1965) Memory and the feeling-of-knowing experience. J Educ Psychol 56(4):208–216. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0022263
Henson RNA, Shallice T, Dolan RJ (1999) Right prefrontal cortex and episodic memory retrieval: a functional MRI test of the monitoring hypothesis. Brain 122(7):1367–1381. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/122.7.1367
Henson RNA, Rugg MD, Shallice T, Dolan RJ (2000) Confidence in recognition memory for words: dissociating right prefrontal roles in episodic retrieval. J Cognitive Neurosci 12(6):913–923. https://doi.org/10.1162/08989290051137468
Hertzog C, Dunlosky J, Sinclair SM (2010) Episodic feeling-of-knowing resolution derives from the quality of original encoding. Mem Cognit 38(6):771–784. https://doi.org/10.3758/MC.38.6.771
Herzmann G, Jin M, Cordes D, Curran T (2012) A within-subject ERP and fMRI investigation of orientation-specific recognition memory for pictures. Cognitive Neurosci 3(3–4):174–192. https://doi.org/10.1080/17588928.2012.669364
Higham PA, Zawadzka K, Hanczakowski M (2016) Internal mapping and its impact on measures of absolute and relative metacognitive accuracy. In: Dunlosky J, Tauber S (eds) Oxford handbook of metamemory. Oxford University Press, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199336746.013.15
Hilgenstock R, Weiss T, Witte OW (2014) You’d better think twice: post-decision perceptual confidence. NeuroImage 99:323–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.05.049
Ivory S-J, Knight R, Longmore B, Caradoc-Davies T (1999) Verbal memory in non-demented patients with idiopathic Parkinsons disease. Neuropsychologia 37(7):817–828. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0028-3932(98)00131-6
Jang Y, Nelson TO (2005) How many dimensions underlie judgments of learning and recall? Evidence from state-trace methodology. J Exp Psychol Gen 134(3):308–326. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.134.3.308
Jing L, Niki K, Xiaoping Y, Yue L (2004) Knowing that you know and knowing that you don’t know: a fMRI study on feeling-of-knowing (FOK). Acta Psychol Sin 36:426–433
Kikyo H, Miyashita Y (2004) Temporal lobe activations of “feeling-of-knowing” induced by face-name associations. NeuroImage 23(4):1348–1357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.08.013
Kikyo H, Ohki K, Miyashita Y (2002) Neural correlates for feeling-of-knowing: an fMRI parametric analysis. Neuron 36(1):177–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00939-X
Kim H (2010) Dissociating the roles of the default-mode, dorsal, and ventral networks in episodic memory retrieval. NeuroImage 50(4):1648–1657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.01.051
Kim H, Cabeza R (2007) Trusting our memories: dissociating the neural correlates of confidence in veridical versus illusory memories. J Neurosci 27(45):12190–12197. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3408-07.2007
Klin CM, Guzmán AE, Levine WH (1997) Knowing that you don’t know: metamemory and discourse processing. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cognit 23(6):1378–1393. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.23.6.1378
Koriat A (1993) How do we know that we know? The accessibility model of the feeling of knowing. Psychol Rev 100(4):609–639. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.100.4.609
Koriat A (1995) Dissociating knowing and the feeling of knowing: further evidence for the accessibility model. J Exp Psychol Gen 124(3):311–333. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.124.3.311
Koriat A (2007) Metamemory and Consciousness. In: Thompson E, Zelazo PD (eds) The Cambridge handbook of consciousness. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 289–326. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511816789.012
Koriat A, Goldsmith M (1996) Monitoring and control processes in the strategic regulation of memory accuracy. Psychol Rev 103(3):490–517. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.103.3.490
Koriat A, Levy-Sadot R (2001) The combined contributions of the cue-familiarity and accessibility heuristics to feelings of knowing. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cognit 27(1):34–53. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.27.1.34
Koriat A, Lieblich I (1977) A study of memory pointers. Acta Physiol 41(2–3):151–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6918(77)90032-4
Krinsky R, Nelson TO (1985) The feeling of knowing for different types of retrieval failure. Acta Psychol 58(2):141–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6918(85)90004-6
Le Berre AP, Müller-Oehring EM, Kwon D, Serventi MR, Pfefferbaum A, Sullivan EV (2016) Differential compromise of prospective and retrospective metamemory monitoring and their dissociable structural brain correlates. Cortex 81:192–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2016.05.002
Lefebvre CD, Marchand Y, Eskes GA, Connolly JF (2005) Assessment of working memory abilities using an event—related brain potential (ERP)—compatible digit span backward task. Clin Neurophysiol 116(7):1665–1680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2005.03.015
Macmillan NA, Creelman CD (2005) Detection theory: a user’s guide. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New York. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Maniscalco B, Lau H (2012) A signal detection theoretic approach for estimating metacognitive sensitivity from confidence ratings. Conscious Cognit 21(1):422–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2011.09.021
Maril A, Simons JS, Mitchell JP, Schwartz BL, Schacter DL (2003) Feeling-of-knowing in episodic memory: an event-related fMRI study. NeuroImage 18(4):827–836. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00014-4
Maril A, Simons JS, Weaver JJ, Schacter DL (2005) Graded recall success: an event-related fMRI comparison of tip of the tongue and feeling of knowing. NeuroImage 24(4):1130–1138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.10.024
Matell MS, Jacoby J (1972) Is there an optimal number of alternatives for Likert-scale items? Effects of testing time and scale properties. J Appl Psychol 56(6):506–509. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0033601
McCurdy LY, Maniscalco B, Metcalfe J, Liu KY, de Lange FP, Lau H (2013) Anatomical coupling between distinct metacognitive systems for memory and visual perception. J Neurosci 33(5):1897–1906. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1890-12.2013
Mecklinger A (1998) On the modularity of recognition memory for object form and spatial location: a topographic ERP analysis. Neuropsychologia 36(5):441–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0028-3932(97)00128-0
Metcalfe J, Dunlosky J (2008) Metamemory. In: Roediger HL (ed) Learning and memory: a comprehensive reference. Elsevier, Oxford, pp 349–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012370509-9.00159-5
Metcalfe J, Schwartz BL (2016) The ghost in the machine: self-reflective consciousness and the neuroscience of metacognition. In: Dunlosky J, Tauber SK (eds) The Oxford handbook of metamemory. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 407–424. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199336746.013.19
Metcalfe J, Schwartz BL, Joaquim SG (1993) The cue-familiarity heuristic in metacognition. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cognit 19(4):851–861. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.19.4.851
Modirrousta M, Fellows LK (2008) Medial prefrontal cortex plays a critical and selective role in “feeling of knowing” meta-memory judgments. Neuropsychologia 46(12):2958–2965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.06.011
Montaldi D, Mayes AR (2010) The role of recollection and familiarity in the functional differentiation of the medial temporal lobes. Hippocampus 20(11):1291–1314. https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.20853
Moritz S, Gläscher J, Sommer T, Büchel C, Braus DF (2006) Neural correlates of memory confidence. NeuroImage 33(4):1188–1193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.08.003
Nelson T (1984) A comparison of current measures of the accuracy of feeling of knowing predictions. Psychol Bull 95(1):109–133
Nelson TO, Narens L (1980) Norms of 300 general-information questions: accuracy of recall, latency of recall, and feeling-of-knowing ratings. J Verbal Learn Verbal Behav 19(3):338–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(80)90266-2
Nelson T, Narens L (1990) Metamemory: a theoretical framework and new findings. Psychol Learn Motiv 26(July):125–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-7421(08)60053-5
Pannu JK, Kaszniak AW (2005) Metamemory experiments in neurological populations: a review. Neuropsychol Rev. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-005-7091-6
Paynter CA, Reder LM, Kieffaber PD (2009) Knowing we know before we know: ERP correlates of initial feeling-of-knowing. Neuropsychologia 47(3):796–803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.12.009
Perrotin A, Belleville S, Isingrini M (2007) Metamemory monitoring in mild cognitive impairment: evidence of a less accurate episodic feeling-of-knowing. Neuropsychologia 45(12):2811–2826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.05.003
Reder LM (1987) Strategy selection in question answering. Cognitive Psychol 19(1):90–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(87)90005-3
Reder LM, Ritter FE (1992) What determines initial feeling of knowing? Familiarity with question terms, not with the answer. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cognit 18(3):435–451. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.18.3.435
Reder LM, Nhouyvanisvong A, Schunn CD, Ayers MS, Angstadt P, Hiraki K (2000) A mechanistic account of the mirror effect for word frequency: a computational model of remember-know judgments in a continuous recognition paradigm. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cognit 26(2):294–320. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.26.2.294
Reggev N, Zuckerman M, Maril A (2011) Are all judgments created equal? An fMRI study of semantic and episodic metamemory predictions. Neuropsychologia 49(5):1332–1342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.01.013
Rugg MD, Curran T (2007) Event-related potentials and recognition memory. Trends Cognitive Sci 11(6):251–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2007.04.004
Rugg MD, Doyle MC (1994) Event-related potentials and stimulus repetition in direct and indirect tests of memory. In: Heinze HJ, Münte TF, Mangun GR (eds) Cognitive electrophysiology. Birkhäuser, Boston, MA, pp 124–148. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0283-7_5
Rugg MD, Nagy ME (1989) Event-related potentials and recognition memory for words. Electroen Clin Neuro 72(5):395–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(89)90045-X
Rugg MD, Nieto-Vegas M (1999) Modality-specific effects of immediate word repetition: electrophysiological evidence. NeuroReport 10(12):2661–2664. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-199908200-00041
Rugg MD, Wilding EL (2000) Retrieval processing and episodic memory. Trends Cognitive Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01445-5
Schnyer DM, Verfaellie M, Alexander MP, LaFleche G, Nicholls L, Kaszniak AW (2004) A role for right medial prefrontal cortex in accurate feeling-of-knowing judgments: evidence from patients with lesions to frontal cortex. Neuropsychologia 42(7):957–966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2003.11.020
Schnyer DM, Nicholls L, Verfaellie M (2005) The role of VMPC in metamemorial judgments of content retrievability. J Cognitive Neurosci 17(5):832–846. https://doi.org/10.1162/0898929053747694
Schreiber TA, Nelson DL (1998) The relation between feelings of knowing and the number of neighboring concepts linked to the test cue. Mem Cognit 26(5):869–883. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03201170
Schwartz BL, Metcalfe J (1992) Cue familiarity but not target retrievability enhances feeling-of-knowing judgments. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cognit 18(5):1074–1083. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.18.5.1074
Senkfor AJ, Van Petten C (1998) Who said what? An event-related potential investigation of source and item memory. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cognit 24(4):1005–1025. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.24.4.1005
Shimamura AP, Squire LR (1986) Memory and metamemory. a study of the feeling-of-knowing phenomenon in amnesic patients. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cognit 12(3):452–460. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.12.3.452
Simons JS, Spiers HJ (2003) Prefrontal and medial temporal lobe interactions in long-term memory. Nat Rev Neurosci 4(8):637–648. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1178
Simons JS, Peers PV, Mazuz YS, Berryhill ME, Olson IR (2010) Dissociation between memory accuracy and memory confidence following bilateral parietal lesions. Cereb Cortex 20(2):479–485. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhp116
Souchay C, Isingrini M, Gil R (2002) Alzheimer’s disease and feeling-of-knowing in episodic memory. Neuropsychologia 40(13):2386–2396. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0028-3932(02)00075-1
Souchay C, Moulin CJA, Clarys D, Taconnat L, Isingrini M (2007) Diminished episodic memory awareness in older adults: evidence from feeling-of-knowing and recollection. Conscious Cognit 16(4):769–784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2006.11.002
Stenberg G, Hellman J, Johansson M, Rosén I (2009) Familiarity or conceptual priming: event-related potentials in name recognition. J Cognitive Neurosci 21(3):447–460. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21045
Thomas AK, Bulevich JB, Dubois SJ (2012) An analysis of the determinants of the feeling of knowing. Conscious Cognit 21(4):1681–1694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2012.09.005
Trott CT, Friedman D, Fabiani M, Snodgrass JG, Ritter W, Fabiani M, Snodgrass JG (1999) Episodic priming and memory for temporal source: event-related potentials reveal age-related differences in prefrontal functioning. Psychol Aging 14(3):390–413. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.14.3.390
Tuna Ş, Tekcan AI, Topçuoǧlu V (2005) Memory and metamemory in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Behav Res Ther 43(1):15–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2003.11.001
Van Petten C, Senkfor AJ, Newberg WM (2000) Memory for drawings in locations: spatial source memory and event-related potentials. Psychophysiology 37(4):551–564. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0048577200990541
Vernon D, Usher M (2003) Dynamics of metacognitive judgments: pre- and postretrieval mechanisms. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cognit 29(3):339–346. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.29.3.339
Voss JL, Paller KA (2009) An electrophysiological signature of unconscious recognition memory. Nat Neurosci 12(3):349–355. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2260
Wagner AD, Shannon BJ, Kahn I, Buckner RL (2005) Parietal lobe contributions to episodic memory retrieval. Trends Cognitive Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2005.07.001
Wokke M, Cleeremans A, Ridderinkhof KR (2017) Sure I’m sure: prefrontal oscillations support metacognitive monitoring of decision-making. J Neurosci 37(4):781–789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.03.108
Yonelinas AP (1994) Receiver-operating characteristics in recognition memory: evidence for a dual-process model. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cognit 20(6):1341–1354. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.20.6.1341
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (Grant No. 112K072). We thank Georg Northoff and two reviewers for their helpful comments on a previous version of the manuscript. We also thank Katie Peterson for proofreading.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Irak, M., Soylu, C., Turan, G. et al. Neurobiological basis of feeling of knowing in episodic memory. Cogn Neurodyn 13, 239–256 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11571-019-09520-5
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11571-019-09520-5