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Amanita sect. Phalloideae: two interesting non-lethal species from West Africa

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Abstract

The members of Amanita sect. Phalloideae (Fr.) Quél. are responsible for many fatalities worldwide. However, some species in this section have previously been reported as non-lethal and lacking deadly toxins. Sequences of five genes (ITS, nrLSU, RPB2, TEF1-α, TUB2) of species belonging to the section from tropical Africa, America, Asia, Australia, and Europe were included in this study to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships among the species. The results indicated that the lethal species are in one clade (subclade I) while the non-lethal species are divided into two clades (subclades II and III) within the section. Moreover, two non-lethal species from tropical Africa, namely A. ballerinoides and A. bulbulosa are newly described based on both morphology and molecular approaches. Phylogenetically, they cluster in the same subclade III with other known non-lethal amanitas, including A. ballerina, A. chuformis, A. franzii, A. levistriata, and A. pseudogemmata. Neither amatoxins nor phallotoxins were detected in A. ballerinoides and A. bulbulosa by LC-HRMS, which agrees with their placement in the non-lethal subclade III within A. sect. Phalloideae. Finally, a key to the West African species of Amanita sect. Phalloideae is provided.

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Data availability

The sequences generated in this study are available in the NCBI GenBank (Table 1). The specimens studied in this study are deposited in the Mycological Herbarium of the University of Parakou (UNIPAR). Duplicate specimens are conserved at the Herbarium of Cryptogams, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (KUN-HKAS).

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the Research Group for Fungal Diversity and Molecular Evolution of the CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia at Kunming Institute of Botany, CAS (China) for facilitating this research. We thank all members of this Research Group and especially Drs Qing Cai, Gang Wu, and Yang-Yang Cui for their kind assistance. We also thank Prof. Marie Laure Guissou from University Norbert ZONGO (Burkina-Faso), Mr. Gbamon P. Konomou from University Gamal Abdel Nader of Conakry (Guinea), Drs. N’golo A. Koné and Bakari Soro from University Nangui Abrogoua (Ivory Coast), Mrs. Aissata Traoré from University of Bamako (Mali), Prof. Atsu K. Guelly and Mr. Pondikpa Nadjombe from University of Lomé (Togo), for facilitating the collections in their respective countries. The assistance of Mr. Sheng Wen Zhou during toxin analysis is very appreciated.

Funding

This study was supported by the International Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. 151853KYSB20170026), Yunnan Ten-Thousand-Talents Plan - Yunling Scholar Project and the National Geographic explorer grant (No. CP-126R-12). Sampling in Benin was possible thanks to the FORMAS grant (No. 226-20141109) and Rufford grant (No. 30156-1). Nourou S. Yorou is grateful to the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, Germany) for the financial support to the project “Diversity and Uses of Tropical African Fungi: Edible mushrooms of Benin-FunTraf” (grant No. 01DG20015).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China

    Jean Evans I. Codjia, Pan Meng Wang & Zhu L. Yang

  2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Jean Evans I. Codjia

  3. Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China

    Jean Evans I. Codjia, Pan Meng Wang & Zhu L. Yang

  4. Research Unit Tropical Mycology and Plant-Soil Fungi Interactions, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou, BP 123, Parakou, Benin

    Jean Evans I. Codjia & Nourou S. Yorou

  5. Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden

    Martin Ryberg

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Contributions

ZLY, JEIC, and NSY developed the concept. JEIC, NSY, and MR collected the species. JEIC generated the DNA sequences. JEIC and PMW performed the molecular phylogenetic analyses. JEIC performed the taxonomic studies. JEIC wrote the first draft of the manuscript. PMW, MR, NSY, and ZLY critically revised and approved the final version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Zhu L. Yang.

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ESM 1

Fig. S1. Phylogenetic tree inferred by Maximum Likelihood analysis based on combined dataset (ITS, nrLSU, RPB2, TEF1-α and TUB2). SH-aLRT values over 80 %, and ML Ultrafast bootstrap values over 90% are reported on branches. Sequences generated in this study are highlighted in red. Fig. S2.Phylogenetic tree inferred by Bayesian Inference analysis based on combined dataset (ITS, nrLSU, RPB2, TEF1-α and TUB2). Bayesian posterior probabilities over 0.90 are reported on branches. Sequences generated in this study are highlighted in red. (PDF 655 kb)

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Codjia, J.E.I., Wang, P.M., Ryberg, M. et al. Amanita sect. Phalloideae: two interesting non-lethal species from West Africa. Mycol Progress 21, 39 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-022-01778-0

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