Skip to main content

Advertisement

Springer Nature Link
Log in

A new strategy for integrated urban water management in China: Sponge city

  • Review
  • Published:
Science China Technological Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Urban water-related problems associated with rapid urbanization, including waterlogging, water pollution, the ecological degradation of water, and water shortages, have caused global concerns in recent years. In 2013, in order to mitigate increasingly severe urban water-related problems, China set forth a new strategy for integrated urban water management (IUWM) called the “Sponge City”. This is the first holistic IUWM strategy implemented in a developing country that is still undergoing rapid urbanization, and holds promise for application in other developing countries. This paper aims to comprehensively summarize the sponge city. First, this paper reviews prior studies and policies on urban water management in China as important background for the sponge city proposal. Then, the connotations, goals, and features of the sponge city are summarized and discussed. Finally, the challenges, research needs, and development directions pertinent to the sponge city are discussed based on investigations and studies conducted by the authors. The sponge city in China has a short history—given this, there are many issues that should be examined with regard to the stepwise implementation of the Sponge City Programme (SCP). Accordingly, the authors perceive this study as only the beginning of abundant studies on the sponge city.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Liu D. Water supply: China’s sponge cities to soak up rainwater. Nature, 2016, 537: 307

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Xia J, Zhang Y Y, Xiong L H, et al. Opportunities and challenges of the Sponge City construction related to urban water issues in China. Sci China Earth Sci, 2017, 60: 652–658

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Liu H, Jia Y, Niu C. “Sponge city” concept helps solve China’s urban water problems. Environ Earth Sci, 2017, 76: 473

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Shao W, Zhang H, Liu J, et al. Data integration and its application in the sponge city construction of China. Procedia Eng, 2016, 154: 779–786

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Loubet P, Roux P, Loiseau E, et al. Life cycle assessments of urban water systems: A comparative analysis of selected peer-reviewed literature. Water Res, 2014, 67: 187–202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Saraswat C, Kumar P, Mishra B K. Assessment of stormwater runoff management practices and governance under climate change and urbanization: An analysis of Bangkok, Hanoi and Tokyo. Environ Sci Policy, 2016, 64: 101–117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Ice G. History of innovative best management practice development and its role in addressing water quality limited waterbodies. J Environ Eng, 2004, 130: 684–689

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Xu C, Hong J, Jia H, et al. Life cycle environmental and economic assessment of a LID-BMP treatment train system: A case study in China. J Clean Prod, 2017, 149: 227–237

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Ellis J B, Lundy L. Implementing sustainable drainage systems for urban surface water management within the regulatory framework in England and Wales. J Environ Manage, 2016, 183: 630–636

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Liu A, Guan Y, Egodawatta P, et al. Selecting rainfall events for effective water sensitive urban design: A case study in gold coast city, Australia. Ecol Eng, 2016, 92: 67–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Fletcher T D, Shuster W, Hunt W F, et al. SUDS, LID, BMPs, WSUD and more—The evolution and application of terminology surrounding urban drainage. Urban Water J, 2015, 12: 525–542

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Lim H S, Lu X X. Sustainable urban stormwater management in the tropics: An evaluation of Singapore’s ABC Waters Program. J Hydrol, 2016, 538: 842–862

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Fletcher T D, Mitchell V G, Deletic A, et al. Chapter 1—Introduction. In: Fletcher T D, Deletic A, Eds. Data Requirements for Integrated Urban Water Management. Paris: UNESCO Publishing and Taylor & Francis, 2007

    Google Scholar 

  14. Rogers P. Integrated urban water resources management. In: Proceedings of Natural Resources Forum. New York: Wiley Online Library, 1993

    Google Scholar 

  15. Motsinger J, Kalita P, Bhattarai R. Analysis of best management practices implementation on water quality using the soil and water assessment tool. Water, 2016, 8: 145

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Zhang W, Che W. Connotation and multi-angle analysis of sponge city construction (in Chinese). Water Resour Prot, 2016, 32: 19–26

    Google Scholar 

  17. Van Rooijen D J, Turral H, Wade Biggs T. Sponge city: Water balance of mega-city water use and wastewater use in Hyderabad, India. Irrig Drain, 2005, 54: S81–S91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Alexander S, Mercer D. Internal Migration in Victoria, Australia— Testing the ‘Sponge City’ Model. Urban Policy Res, 2007, 25: 229–255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Zhang J Y, Wang Y T, Hu Q F, et al. Discussion and views on some issues of the sponge city construction in China (in Chinese). Adv Water Sci, 2016, 27: 793–799

    Google Scholar 

  20. Zhang J. A new method for stormwater drainage system design (in Chinese). Water Wastewater Eng, 1993: 31–34

    Google Scholar 

  21. Ye Z, Liu X, Hu D, et al. Calculation and results evaluation of integrated area runoff coefficient (in Chinese). China Munic Eng, 1994: 43–45

    Google Scholar 

  22. Chen J, Lu L. The design flood calculation of municipal waterlogging control (in Chinese). Guangdong Water Resour Hydropower, 1995, 3: 46–50

    Google Scholar 

  23. Xia C L. Runoff concentration simulation of mini-basins. J Hefei Univ Technol, 2000, 23: 979–983

    Google Scholar 

  24. Liu J. Study on urban storm water model (in Chinese). J Hohai Univ, 1997: 20–24

    Google Scholar 

  25. Cui Y, Bai X, Lei S. Model and method of real-time dispatching of Beijing urban rainwater system (in Chinese). J Wuhan Univ Hydraul Electr Eng, 1998: 16–21

    Google Scholar 

  26. Che W. Discussion on rainwater utilization technology of watershortage cities in China (in Chinese). China Water Wastewater, 1999, 15: 22–23

    Google Scholar 

  27. Li J, Che W, Meng G, et al. Design of urban rainwater utilization scheme and technical and economic analysis (in Chinese). Water Wastewater Eng, 2001, 27: 25–28

    Google Scholar 

  28. Song J, Li H, Li Q. Urban rainfall resources utilization and its effects on eco-environment (in Chinese). Chin J Ecol, 2003, 22: 32–35

    Google Scholar 

  29. Cheng X T. Discussion on some problems of modern urban water planning: A case study of Panyu district, Guangzhou city (in Chinese). Water Resour Dev Res, 2004, 4: 18–24

    Google Scholar 

  30. Ma W F, Zhao X H, Wang H Y, et al. Study on optimizing allocation of reclaimed water and fresh water resourcesc (in Chinese). Water Wastewater Eng, 2005, 21: 41–44

    Google Scholar 

  31. Yu K, Han X, Zhu Q. The ecological infrastructure approach to solve the problems of urban ecological environment (in Chinese). J Nat Resour, 2007, 22: 808–816

    Google Scholar 

  32. Yu K, Zhang L. The flood and waterlog adaptive landscapes in ancient Chinese cities in the Yellow river basin (in Chinese). Urban Plann Forum, 2007: 85–91

    Google Scholar 

  33. Dong L, Che W, Li H Y, et al. Present status and problems of rainwater utilization plan in some Chinese cities (in Chinese). Water Wastewater Eng, 2007, 23: 1–5

    Google Scholar 

  34. Zuo J, Liu C, Zheng H, et al. Countermeasures and characteristics of Beijing urban rainwater utilization (in Chinese). Resour Sci, 2008, 30: 990–998

    Google Scholar 

  35. Che W, Lv F, Li J, et al. Typical stormwater and flood management systems in developed countries and their inspiration (in Chinese). Water Wastewater Eng, 2009, 25: 12–17

    Google Scholar 

  36. Li J, Wang W, Bian J, et al. Eco-technologies and case study on disposal of urban road runoff (in Chinese). Water Wastewater Eng, 2010, 26: 60–64

    Google Scholar 

  37. Che W, Zhang W, Wang J, et al. Low impact development and green Infrastructure: Measures of solving urban stormwater problems (in Chinese). Constr Sci Technol, 2010: 48–51

    Google Scholar 

  38. Dong S Q, Han Z G. Study on planning an “eco-sponge city” for rainwater utilization (in Chinese). Urban Stud, 2011, 18: 37–41

    Google Scholar 

  39. Zhang W, Che W, Wang J, et al. Management of urban stormwater runoff by green infrastructures. Water Wastewater Eng, 2011, 27: 22–27

    Google Scholar 

  40. Jia H, Lu Y, Yu S L, et al. Planning of LID-BMPs for urban runoff control: The case of Beijing Olympic Village. Sep Purif Technol, 2012, 84: 112–119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Zhang J. The vital problems for the urbanization and urban hydrology today (in Chinese). Hydro-Sci Eng, 2012: 1–4

    Google Scholar 

  42. Mo L, Yu K. Structure the urban green sponge: Study on planning an ecological stormwater regulation system (in Chinese). Urban Stud, 2012, 19: 136–140

    Google Scholar 

  43. Ren X, Xie Y, Zhu S. The research of how to face and solve the city waterlogging in the urban development and transformation (in Chinese). Urban Stud, 2012, 19: 71–77

    Google Scholar 

  44. Jiang L L, Ying J, Xu J T. Research on urban stormwater management based on green infrastructure: A case study of New York city, USA (in Chinese). J Chin Urban Forestry, 2012, 10: 59–62

    Google Scholar 

  45. Xie Y. Urban drainage and waterlogging disaster prevention planning (in Chinese). Water Wastewater Eng, 2013, 29: 105–108

    Google Scholar 

  46. Huang G, Huang S. Simulation study on effect of rainwater utilization measures on urban stormwater based on Infoworks CS (in Chinese). Water Resour Power, 2013: 1–4

    Google Scholar 

  47. Yao Ha, Lu Y, Jia H, et al. The change of urban rainfall runoff control legal system in the USA and its reference to China (in Chinese). Water Wastewater Eng, 2013: 214–218

    Google Scholar 

  48. Che W, Yang Z, Zhao Y. Analysis of urban flooding control and major and minor drainage systems in China (in Chinese). Water Wastewater Eng, 2013, 29: 13–19

    Google Scholar 

  49. Jia H, Ma H, Sun Z, et al. A closed urban scenic river system using stormwater treated with LID-BMP technology in a revitalized historical district in China. Ecol Eng, 2014, 71: 448–457

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Xing G, Sun J, Dong Y, et al. Change and revelation of urban waterlogging control measures—From drainage to storage and then to infiltration (in Chinese). J Saf Environ, 2014, 14: 141–145

    Google Scholar 

  51. Liu J H, Wang H, Gao X R, et al. Review on urban hydrology (in Chinese). Chin Sci Bull (Chin Ver), 2014, 59: 3581–3590

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Zhang W, Pang J. Sponge city construction should be an important content of urban water management in the new era (in Chinese). Water Resour Dev Res, 2014, 14: 5–7

    Google Scholar 

  53. Yu K, Xu T, Li D, et al. A review: Urban water resilience (in Chinese). Urban Stud, 2015: 75–83

    Google Scholar 

  54. Yu K, Li D, Yuan H, et al. Sponge city: Theory and practice (in Chinese). Plann Stud, 2015, 39: 26–36

    Google Scholar 

  55. Che W, Zhao Y, Li J, et al. Explanation of sponge city development technical guide: Basic concepts and comprehensive goals (in Chinese). Water Wastewater Eng, 2015: 1–5

    Google Scholar 

  56. Wang H, Ding L, Cheng X, et al. The improvement of joint operation for multi-reservoir water supply system with external water resource (in Chinese). Shuili Xuebao, 2015, 46: 1261–1271

    Google Scholar 

  57. Hu N, Li X, Ge X Y. Change with water—The rational cognition of sponge city system from the perspective of urban green space system (in Chinese). Chin Landsc Archit, 2015, 31: 21–25

    Google Scholar 

  58. Zhang J, Wang Y, Hu Q, et al. Discussion and views on some issues of the sponge city construction in China (in Chinese). Adv Water Sci, 2016, 27: 793–799

    Google Scholar 

  59. Zhang W, Che W. Connotation and multi-angle analysis of sponge city construction (in Chinese). Water Resour Prot, 2016, 32: 19–26

    Google Scholar 

  60. Zhang W, Wang J, Che H, et al. Experience of sponge city master plan: A case study of Nanning city (in Chinese). Urban Plann, 2016, 40: 44–52

    Google Scholar 

  61. Xia N P, Yang G S, Pan D P. Measurement of financing risks of constructing sponge cityprojects based on FAHP-CIM (in Chinese). J Econ Water Resour, 2016, 34: 30–33

    Google Scholar 

  62. Geng X, Zhao Y, Che W. Public-private partnerships in the sponge city (in Chinese). Urban Stud, 2017, 24: 125–129

    Google Scholar 

  63. Li Y, Qiu J, Zhao B, et al. Quantifying urban ecological governance: A suite of indices characterizes the ecological planning implications of rapid coastal urbanization. Ecol Indicat, 2017, 72: 225–233

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Xia J, Shi W, Wang Q, et al. Discussion of several hydrological issues regarding sponge city construction (in Chinese). Water Resour Prot, 2017, 33: 1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Cheng T, Xu Z, Song S. Rainfall-runoff simulations for Xinglong sponge city pilot area of Jinan (in Chinese). J Hydroelec Eng, 2017, 36: 1–11

    Google Scholar 

  66. Jiao S, Zhang X, Xu Y. A review of Chinese land suitability assessment from the rainfall-waterlogging perspective: Evidence from the Su Yu Yuan area. J Clean Prod, 2017, 144: 100–106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Zhang J, Wang Y T, He R, et al. Discussion on the urban flood and waterlogging and causes analysis in China (in Chinese). Adv Water Sci, 2016, 27: 485–491

    Google Scholar 

  68. Chen S, Li Y X, Shin J Y, et al. Constructing confidence intervals of extreme rainfall quantiles using Bayesian, bootstrap, and profile likelihood approaches. Sci China Tech Sci, 2016, 59: 573–585

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Zhu Z, Chen Z, Chen X, et al. Approach for evaluating inundation risks in urban drainage systems. Sci Total Environ, 2016, 553: 1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Liu B, Qu F, Guo S, et al. A pilot study of the sludge recycling enhanced coagulation-ultrafiltration process for drinking water: The effects of sludge recycling ratio and coagulation stirring strategy. Water, 2017, 9: 183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Ouyang W, Guo B, Hao F, et al. Modeling urban storm rainfall runoff from diverse underlying surfaces and application for control design in Beijing. J Environ Manage, 2012, 113: 467–473

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Zhang B, Xie G, Li N, et al. Effect of urban green space changes on the role of rainwater runoff reduction in Beijing, China. Landsc Urban Plann, 2015, 140: 8–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Wang B, Shao D G, Mu G L, et al. An eco-functional classification for environmental flow assessment in the Pearl River Basin in Guangdong, China. Sci China Tech Sci, 2016, 59: 265–275

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Hong W, Yang C, Chen L, et al. Ecological control line: A decade of exploration and an innovative path of ecological land management for megacities in China. J Environ Manage, 2017, 191: 116–125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Demuzere M, Orru K, Heidrich O, et al. Mitigating and adapting to climate change: Multi-functional and multi-scale assessment of green urban infrastructure. J Environ Manage, 2014, 146: 107–115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Yong Z, Pei Y, Chen Y. Study on city water shortage of China (in Chinese). Adv Water Sci, 2006, 17: 389–394

    Google Scholar 

  77. Stec A, Kordana S. Analysis of profitability of rainwater harvesting, gray water recycling and drain water heat recovery systems. Resour Conserv Recy, 2015, 105: 84–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Lee K E, Mokhtar M, Mohd Hanafiah M, et al. Rainwater harvesting as an alternative water resource in Malaysia: Potential, policies and development. J Clean Prod, 2016, 126: 218–222

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Eduful M, Shively D. Perceptions of urban land use and degradation of water bodies in Kumasi, Ghana. Habitat Int, 2015, 50: 206–213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Huang D B, Bader H P, Scheidegger R, et al. Confronting limitations: New solutions required for urban water management in Kunming city. J Environ Manage, 2007, 84: 49–61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Serrao-Neumann S, Renouf M, Kenway S J, et al. Connecting landuse and water planning: Prospects for an urban water metabolism approach. Cities, 2017, 60: 13–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Jiang Y, Shi T, Gu X. Healthy urban streams: The ecological continuity study of the Suzhou creek corridor in Shanghai. Cities, 2016, 59: 80–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Li Y, Li Y, Wu W. Threshold and resilience management of coupled urbanization and water environmental system in the rapidly changing coastal region. Environ Pollut, 2015, 208: 87–95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Chen W Y. Environmental externalities of urban river pollution and restoration: A hedonic analysis in Guangzhou (China) (in Chinese). Landsc Urban Plann, 2017, 157: 170–179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. He G, Yan J, Sha J, et al. Exploration of an optimal policy for water resources management including the introduction of advanced sewage treatment technologies in Zaozhuang city, China. Water, 2016, 8: 608

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Yin J, Yu D, Wilby R. Modelling the impact of land subsidence on urban pluvial flooding: A case study of downtown Shanghai, China. Sci Total Environ, 2016, 544: 744–753

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Liang Y, Jiang C, Ma L, et al. Government support, social capital and adaptation to urban flooding by residents in the Pearl River Delta area, China. Habitat Int, 2017, 59: 21–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Jin X, Xu X, Xiang X, et al. System-dynamic analysis on socioeconomic impacts of land consolidation in China. Habitat Int, 2016, 56: 166–175

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Wu P, Tan M. Challenges for sustainable urbanization: A case study of water shortage and water environment changes in Shandong, China. Procedia Environ Sci, 2012, 13: 919–927

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Tan Y, Xu H, Jiao L, et al. A study of best practices in promoting sustainable urbanization in China. J Environ Manage, 2017, 193: 8–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Wu H, Huang G, Meng Q, et al. Deep tunnel for regulating combined sewer overflow pollution and flood disaster: A case study in Guangzhou city, China. Water, 2016, 8: 329

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Liu A, Egodawatta P, Guan Y, et al. Influence of rainfall and catchment characteristics on urban stormwater quality. Sci Total Environ, 2013, 444: 255–262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Zhao C S, Shao N F, Yang S T, et al. Identifying the principal driving factors of water ecosystem dependence and the corresponding indicator species in a pilot city, China. J Hydrol, 2018, 556: 488–499

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Feng Y, Burian S, Pomeroy C. Potential of green infrastructure to restore predevelopment water budget of a semi-arid urban catchment. J Hydrol, 2016, 542: 744–755

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Byrne J A, Lo A Y, Jianjun Y. Residents’ understanding of the role of green infrastructure for climate change adaptation in Hangzhou, China. Landsc Urban Plann, 2015, 138: 132–143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Qiu B. The connotation, approach and prospect of sponge city (LID) (in Chinese). Constr Sci Technol, 2015: 11–18

    Google Scholar 

  97. Liu C, Zhang Y, Wang Z, et al. The LID pattern for maintaining virtuous water cycle in urbanized area: A preliminary study of planning and techniques for sponge city (in Chinese). J Water Resour, 2016, 31: 719–731

    Google Scholar 

  98. Mell I C, Henneberry J, Hehl-Lange S, et al. To green or not to green: Establishing the economic value of green infrastructure investments in The Wicker, Sheffield. Urban Forry Urban Gree, 2016, 18: 257–267

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Sörensen J, Persson A, Sternudd C, et al. Re-thinking urban flood management—Time for a regime shift. Water, 2016, 8: 332

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Kang N, Kim S, Kim Y, et al. Urban drainage system improvement for climate change adaptation. Water, 2016, 8: 268

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Sperotto A, Torresan S, Gallina V, et al. A multi-disciplinary approach to evaluate pluvial floods risk under changing climate: The case study of the municipality of Venice (Italy). Sci Total Environ, 2016, 562: 1031–1043

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. Brown K, Kamruzzaman M, Beecham S. Trends in sub-daily precipitation in Tasmania using regional dynamically downscaled climate projections. J Hydrol-Regional Studies, 2017, 10: 18–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. Hakimdavar R, Culligan P J, Guido A, et al. The soil water apportioning method (SWAM): An approach for long-term, low-cost monitoring of green roof hydrologic performance. Ecol Eng, 2016, 93: 207–220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Jia H, Yao H, Tang Y, et al. LID-BMPs planning for urban runoff control and the case study in China. J Environ Manage, 2015, 149: 65–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Bach P M, Rauch W, Mikkelsen P S, et al. A critical review of integrated urban water modelling—Urban drainage and beyond. Environ Model Software, 2014, 54: 88–107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. Stanchev P, Ribarova I. Complexity, assumptions and solutions for eco-efficiency assessment of urban water systems. J Clean Prod, 2016, 138: 229–236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. Teng J, Jakeman A J, Vaze J, et al. Flood inundation modelling: A review of methods, recent advances and uncertainty analysis. Environ Model Softw, 2017, 90: 201–216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  108. Mallinis G, Karteris M, Theodoridou I, et al. Development of a nationwide approach for large scale estimation of green roof retrofitting areas and roof-top solar energy potential using VHR natural colour orthoimagery and DSM data over Thessaloniki, Greece. Remote Sens Lett, 2014, 5: 548–557

    Article  Google Scholar 

  109. Yang B, Li S. Green infrastructure design for stormwater runoff and water quality: Empirical evidence from large watershed-scale community developments. Water, 2013, 5: 2038–2057

    Article  Google Scholar 

  110. Toran L. Water level loggers as a low-cost tool for monitoring of stormwater control measures. Water, 2016, 8: 346

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. Votsis A. Planning for green infrastructure: The spatial effects of parks, forests, and fields on Helsinki’s apartment prices. Ecol Econo, 2017, 132: 279–289

    Article  Google Scholar 

  112. Chui T F M, Liu X, Zhan W. Assessing cost-effectiveness of specific LID practice designs in response to large storm events. J Hydrol, 2016, 533: 353–364

    Article  Google Scholar 

  113. Mao X, Jia H, Yu S L. Assessing the ecological benefits of aggregate LID-BMPs through modelling. Ecol Model, 2017, 353: 139–149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  114. Xing G, Sun J, Dong Y, et al. Change and revelation of urban waterlogging control measures—From drainage to storage and then to infiltration (in Chinese). J Saf Environ, 2014, 14: 141–145

    Google Scholar 

  115. Huang W, Gao Q X, Cao G, et al. Effect of urban symbiosis development in China on GHG emissions reduction. Adv Clim Change Res, 2016, 7: 247–252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. Lee S, Lee B. The influence of urban form on GHG emissions in the U.S. household sector. Energ Policy, 2014, 68: 534–549

    Article  Google Scholar 

  117. Gocht A, Espinosa M, Leip A, et al. A grassland strategy for farming systems in Europe to mitigate GHG emissions—An integrated spatially differentiated modelling approach. Land Use Policy, 2016, 58: 318–334

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. Gonzalez-Salazar M A, Venturini M, Poganietz W R, et al. A general modeling framework to evaluate energy, economy, land-use and GHG emissions nexus for bioenergy exploitation. Appl Energ, 2016, 178: 223–249

    Article  Google Scholar 

  119. Liu Y, Gao C, Lu Y. The impact of urbanization on GHG emissions in China: The role of population density. J Clean Prod, 2017, 157: 299–309

    Article  Google Scholar 

  120. Friesen J, Rodriguez Sinobas L, Foglia L, et al. Environmental and socio-economic methodologies and solutions towards integrated water resources management. Sci Total Environ, 2016, 581-582: 906–908

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, Beijing, 100038, China

    Hao Wang, Chao Mei, JiaHong Liu & WeiWei Shao

  2. School of Transportation and Civil Engineering & Architecture, Foshan University, Guangdong, 528000, China

    Hao Wang & JiaHong Liu

  3. Engineering and Technology Research Center for Water Resources and Hydroecology of the Ministry of Water Resources, Beijing, 100044, China

    Hao Wang & JiaHong Liu

Authors
  1. Hao Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  2. Chao Mei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  3. JiaHong Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  4. WeiWei Shao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to JiaHong Liu.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wang, H., Mei, C., Liu, J. et al. A new strategy for integrated urban water management in China: Sponge city. Sci. China Technol. Sci. 61, 317–329 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-017-9170-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-017-9170-5

Keywords

Profiles

  1. WeiWei Shao View author profile