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Calcium-dependent protein kinases CPK21 and CPK23 phosphorylate and activate the iron-regulated transporter IRT1 to regulate iron deficiency in Arabidopsis

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Abstract

Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient for all organisms. Fe availability in the soil is usually much lower than that required for plant growth, and Fe deficiencies seriously restrict crop growth and yield. Calcium (Ca2+) is a second messenger in all eukaryotes; however, it remains largely unknown how Ca2+ regulates Fe deficiency. In this study, mutations in CPK21 and CPK23, which are two highly homologous calcium-dependent protein kinases, conferredimpaired growth and rootdevelopment under Fe-deficient conditions, whereas constitutively active CPK21 and CPK23 enhanced plant tolerance to Fe-deficient conditions. Furthermore, we found that CPK21 and CPK23 interacted with and phosphorylated the Fe transporter IRON-REGULATED TRANSPORTER1 (IRT1) at the Ser149 residue. Biochemical analyses and complementation of Fe transport in yeast and plants indicated that IRT1 Ser149 is critical for IRT1 transport activity. Taken together, these findings suggest that the CPK21/23-IRT1 signaling pathway is critical for Fe homeostasis in plants and provides targets for improving Fe-deficient environments and breeding crops resistant to Fe-deficient conditions.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32222008, 32100215, 31900236), Northwest A&F University (Z111021604), the open funds of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2018M643740), and Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China (2019JQ-150). We thank Dr. Chao-feng Huang (National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics) for yeast strain Δfet3/fet4, Dr. Hua Zhao, Dr. Xue-ling Huang and Feng-ping Yuan (State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas) for providing Olympus IX83-FV3000, CFX connect, and other platforms, Dr. Xiao-han Li (College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University) for providing technical support with ICP-MS.

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  1. State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China

    Zhangqing Wang, Yanting Zhang, Yisong Liu, Dali Fu, Zhang You, Panpan Huang, Huiling Gao, Zhenqian Zhang & Cun Wang

  2. Institute of Future Agriculture, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, 712100, China

    Cun Wang

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Calcium-dependent protein kinases CPK21 and CPK23 phosphorylate and activate IRT1 to regulate iron deficiency in Arabidopsis

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Wang, Z., Zhang, Y., Liu, Y. et al. Calcium-dependent protein kinases CPK21 and CPK23 phosphorylate and activate the iron-regulated transporter IRT1 to regulate iron deficiency in Arabidopsis. Sci. China Life Sci. 66, 2646–2662 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-022-2330-4

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