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Recent advances in chemical protein synthesis: method developments and biological applications

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Abstract

The central dogma of modern biology underscores the pivotal roles proteins play in diverse biological processes, the study of which necessitates advanced methods to produce proteins with precision and versatility. Chemical protein synthesis, a powerful approach utilizing chemical reactions for the de novo construction of structurally accurate proteins, has emerged as a transformative tool for studying proteins and generating protein derivatives/mimics inaccessible by natural biological machinery, including post-translationally modified proteins, proteins comprised of unnatural amino acids, as well as mirror-image proteins. This review summarizes recent strides in synthetic method developments for chemical protein synthesis, including innovative techniques in solid-phase peptide synthesis, the challenges presented by difficult sequences in either synthesis or folding and the exploration of novel ligation reactions using both chemical and enzymatic methods. Furthermore, the review also delves into newly developed protocols for site-selective protein modifications and the generation of stapled or macrocyclized peptides/mini-proteins, highlighting the power of chemical methods to make structurally diverse proteins. Recent applications of synthetic proteins in investigating post-translational modifications (phosphorylation, lipidation, glycosylation, ubiquitination, etc.), mirror-image biological processes and drug development are further discussed. Together, these topics provide a comprehensive overview of the current landscape of chemical protein synthesis.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFC3401500) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22137005, 92253302, 22227810 to Lei Liu; 22177004, 92153301, 22321005 to Suwei Dong; 22277020 to Yiming Li; 22022703, 22177108, 22377118 to Ji-Shen Zheng; 92353302, 22177059 to Yongxiang Chen; 22177035 to Jun Guo; 22277029, 22077036 to Chunmao He; 22077078 to Honggang Hu; 92353302, 92053108 to Yanmei Li; 22277015 to Junfeng Zhao). We thank Ms. Qiya Zhang (Peking University) for the assistance in manuscript preparation.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China

    Suwei Dong

  2. Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China

    Ji-Shen Zheng & Shan Tang

  3. School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China

    Yiming Li

  4. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China

    Huan Wang

  5. State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China

    Gong Chen

  6. Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China

    Yongxiang Chen, Yanmei Li & Lei Liu

  7. Institute of Health Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China

    Gemin Fang

  8. College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China

    Jun Guo

  9. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China

    Chunmao He

  10. School of Medicine or Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China

    Honggang Hu

  11. Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China

    Xuechen Li

  12. Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China

    Zigang Li

  13. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China

    Man Pan

  14. School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China

    Changlin Tian

  15. Department of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China

    Ping Wang

  16. Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China

    Bian Wu

  17. Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China

    Chuanliu Wu

  18. School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China

    Junfeng Zhao

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  1. Suwei Dong
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  2. Ji-Shen Zheng
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Correspondence to Lei Liu.

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Dong, S., Zheng, JS., Li, Y. et al. Recent advances in chemical protein synthesis: method developments and biological applications. Sci. China Chem. 67, 1060–1096 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-024-1950-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-024-1950-1

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