Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Everyday classroom assessment practices in science classrooms in Sweden

  • Published:
Cultural Studies of Science Education Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The focus of this study is to examine to what extent and in what ways science teachers practice assessment during classroom interactions in everyday activities in an upper-secondary school in Sweden. We are science teachers working now with a larger research project on assessment in science education that seeks to examine teachers’ assessment practices in the upper-secondary school. Framing questions include: are teachers performing an integrated assessment of students’ skills as the national curriculum mandates? If so, what do the instructional discourses look like in those situations and what are students’ experiences regarding their agency on learning and assessment? We emphasize the social, cultural and historic character of assessment and sustain a situated character of learning instead of the notion that learning is “stored inside the head”. Teacher led lessons in three science classrooms were video-recorded and analyzed by combining ethnographic and discourse methods of analysis. Both methods are appropriate to the theoretical foundation of our approach on learning and can give some answers to questions about how individuals interact socially, how their experience is passed on to next generations through language and how language use may reveal cultural changes in the studied context. Making the study of action in a classroom the focal point of sociocultural analysis supports the examination of assessment processes and identification of the social roles in which teachers and students are immersed. Such an approach requires observations of how teachers act in authentic teaching situations when they interact with their students in classroom making possible to observe negotiation processes, agencies when both teachers and students are involved in every-day activities. Our study showed that teachers mostly ignored students’ questions and that students solved their own problems by helping each other. Teachers did not provide opportunities for students to discuss or argue scientific issues as the national science curriculum stipulates. We found that traditional assessment methods, such as tests, examinations and assignments were the most common methods used to assess and grade students’ learning. Different aspects of knowledge stipulated in the national Swedish curriculum, such as lifelong learning, stimulation to students’ creativity, curiosity as well as their wish to explore and convert new ideas into action, and find solutions to problems, were restricted by teachers’ discourses. The observed teachers’ learning and assessment practices constrain students’ agency leading to students’ silence consequently hindering students’ development.

Abstrakt

Fokus för denna studie är att undersöka i vilken omfattning och på vilket sätt lärare i naturvetenskapliga ämnen betygsätter eleverna under vardagliga aktiviteter och interaktioner i klassrummet på en gymnasieskola i Sverige. Vi är lärare i naturvetenskapliga ämnen på gymnasiet och arbetar nu i en större undersökning med syfte att ta reda på gymnasielärarnas bedömningspraktiker. Våra frågor inkluderar: utför lärarna en integrerad bedömning av elevernas kunskaper som de nationella läroplanen fastställer? Om så är fallet, hur ser diskurserna ut i dessa situationer och vilka är elevers erfarenheter kring sitt eget deltgande i lärande och bedömning? Vi betonar den sociala, kulturella och historiska karaktären av lärande och bedömning, och stödjer den situerade karaktären av lärande i stället för det lärande som finns “lagrat inne i huvudet”. Lärarledda lektioner på tre naturvetenskapliga klasser videoinspelades och analyserades genom att kombinera etnografisk och diskursanalysmetod. Båda metoderna är lämpliga avseende den teoretiska grunden för vårt synsätt på lärande, och kan ge några svar på frågor om hur individer interagerar socialt, hur deras erfarenheter förs vidare till kommande generationer genom språket, och hur språkanvändningen kan avslöja kulturella förändringar i den aktuella kontexten. Genom att fokusera på handlingen använder vi ett sociokulturellt perspektiv, som möjliggör en undersökning av bedömningsprocesser och identifikation av de sociala rollerna som lärare och elever spelar under bedömningssituationer. För detta behöver vi observera hur lärarna agerar i en autentisk undervisningssituation, där de interagerar med sina elever i klassrummet, som gör det möjligt att observera förhandlingsprocesser, eget deltagande i lärande och bedömning, när både lärare och elever deltar i dagliga aktiviteter i klassrummet. Vi fann att lärarna oftast ignorerade elevernas egna frågor och att eleven löste sina egna problem, genom att hjälpa varandra. Lärarna gav inte eleverna möjligheter att diskutera eller argumentera vetenskapliga frågor, som naturvetenskapliga läroplanen stipulerar. Vi fann att lärarna använder traditionella bedömningsmetoder, såsom skriftliga prov, examinationer och läxförhör, och att dessa var de vanligaste metoderna för bedömning och betygsättning. Vi har i den här studien konstaterat att frågor om lärande, som anges i den svenska läroplanen; livslångt lärande, stimulans för elevernas kreativitet, nyfikenhet och deras önskan att utforska och omvandla nya idéer till handling, samt finna lösningar till problem, begränsades av lärarnas diskurser. Lärarnas lärande och bedömningsmetoder begränsar elevernas medverkan. Vi anser att detta leder till att eleverna tystnar, vilket i sin tur hindrar elevernas utveckling.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Beach, D. (1999). Om demokrati, reproduktion och förnyelse I dagens gymnasieskola. [About democracy, reproduction and renewal in the days Upper-secondary school]. Pedagogisk Forskning i Sverige, [Pedagogic research in Sweden], 4, 349–365.

  • Bernstein, B. (1996). Pedagogy, symbolic control and identity. London: Taylor and Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, P., & Wiliam, D. (1998). Assessment and classroom learning. Assessment in Education, 5, 7–71. doi:10.1080/0969595980050102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Black, P., & Wiliam, D. (2009). Developing a theory of formative assessment. Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability, 21(1), 5–31. doi:10.1007/s11092-008-9068-5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Broadfoot, P. M. (1996). Education, assessment and society. Philadelphia: Open University Press Buckingham.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broadfoot, P., & Black, P. (2004). Redefining assessment? The first ten years of assessment in education. Assessment in Education, 11(1), 7–27. doi:10.1080/0969594042000208976.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Broady, D., Andersson, M. B., Börjesson, M., Gustafsson, J., Hultqvist, E., & Palme, M. (2000). Skolan under 1990-talet- Sociala förutsättningar och utbildningsstrategier. In: SOU2000:39 (Ed.), Statens Offentliga Utredningar (pp. 2–133). Stockhom, Sweden: Statens Offentliga Utredningar.

  • Carlsen, W. S. (1991). Questioning in classrooms: A sociolinguistic perspective. Review of Educational Research, 61, 157–178. doi:10.3102/00346543061002157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carlsen, W. S. (1997). Never ask a question if you don’t know the answer: The tension in teaching between modeling scientific argument and maintaining law and order. Journal of Classroom Interaction, 32(2), 14–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahlstedt, M. (2007). I val(o)frihetens spår: Segregation, differentiering och två decennier av skolreformer. [The consequences of (un)free choice policies: Segregation, differential assessment and educational reform in Sweden since the 1980th]. Pedagogisk Forskning I Sverige, 12(1), 20–38. [Pedagogic research in Sweden]. Stockholm.

  • Delandshere, G. (2002). Assessment as inquiry. Teachers College Record, 104, 1461–1484. doi:10.1111/1467-9620.00210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fairclough, N. (2001). Language and power (2nd ed.). London: Pearson Education Limited.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fairclough, N. (2003). Analysing discourse. Textual analysis for social research. London, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forsberg, E. & Lindberg, V. (2010). Svensk forskning om bedömningEn kartläggning. Vetenskapsrådet. Vetenskapsrådet rapportserie, 2:2010. Stockholm. [The Swedish research on assessment—a Mapping. The Swedish Council of Science Research 2:2010, 1–135. Stockholm].

  • Gallard M., A. J., Pitts, W., Flores Bustos, B., Claeys, L., Baynes, G., Brkich, K., Stevenson, A., & Wassell, B. (2013, November) Latina resiliency: In pursuit of STEM careers. Paper presented at the meeting of the World Education Research Association (WERA), Guanajuato, Mexico.

  • Gallard Martínez, A. J., & Antrop-González, R. (2013). The use of de jure to maintain a de facto status quo. Cultural Studies of Science Education, 3, 991–996. doi:10.1007/s11422-013-9523-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gipps, C. (1999). Socio-cultural aspects of assessment. Review of Research in Education, 24, 355–392.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gómez, M., & Jakobsson, A. (2013). Classroom assessment, grading practices and teachers’ epistemological beliefs on science learning in upper secondary schools (in press).

  • Goodall, H. L, Jr. (2000). Writing the new ethnography. Maryland: AltaMira Press, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammersley, M., & Atkinson, P. (2007). Ethnography: Principles in practice (3rd ed.). London, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harlen, W. (2008). Trusting teachers’ judgement. In S. Swaffield (Ed.), Unlocking assessment: Understanding for reflection and application (pp. 138–153). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klapp Lekholm, A. (2010). Vad mäter betygen? [What measures grades?] In C. Lundahl & M. Folke-Fichtelius (Eds.), Bedömning i och av skolanpraktik, principer, politik [Assessment in and of school: Practice, principle, policy] (pp. 129–142). Lund: Studentlitteratur.

  • Lave, J., & Wenger, E. (1991). Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511815355.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Lemke, J. (1990). Talking science: Language, learning, and values. Westport, Connecticut: Ablex Publishing Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mack, L. (2012). Does every student have a voice? Critical action research on equitable classroom participation practices. Language Teaching Research, 16, 417–434. doi:10.1177/1362168812436922.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, A. M., & Hand, B. (2009). Factors affecting the implementation of argumentation in the elementary science classroom: A longitudinal case study. Research in Science Education, 39, 17–38. doi:10.1007/s11165-007-9072-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mehan, H. (1979). Learning lessons, social organization in the classroom. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674420106.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Mercer, N. (2004). Sociocultural discourse analysis: Analyzing classroom talk as a social mode of thinking. Journal of Applied Linguistics, 1, 137–168. doi:10.1558/japl.2004.1.2.137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, X., & Crawford, B. A. (2011). Teaching science as a cultural way of knowing: Merging authentic inquiry, nature of science, and multicultural strategies. Cultural Studies of Science Education, 6, 525–547. doi:10.1007/s11422-011-9318-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mortimer, F. E., & Scott, P. (2003). Meaning making in secondary science classrooms. Philadelphia: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nystrand, M., Gamoran, A., Kachur, R., & Prendergast, C. (1997). Opening dialogue: Understanding the dynamics of language and learning in the English classroom. New York: Columbia University, Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyström, E. (2007). Talking and taking positions. An encounter between action research and the gendered and racialised discourses of school science. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.

  • Robson, C. (2007). Real world research: A resource for social scientists and practitioner–researchers (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roth, W.-M. (1996). Teacher questioning in an open-inquiry learning environment: Interactions of context, content, and student responses. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 33, 709–736. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2736(199609)33:7<709:AID-TEA2>3.0.CO;2-R.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roth, W.-M. (2007). Theorizing passivity. Cultural Studies in Science Education, 2, 1–8. doi:10.1007/s11422-006-9045-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saldaña, J. (2013). The coding manual for qualitative researchers (2nd ed.). Los Angeles: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skolverket. (1998). Regeringsuppdrag”Konsekvenser av de nya behörighetsreglerna till gymnasieskolan”– slutrapport (regeringsbeslut 49, 1998-12-17). [Report of The Swedish National Agency for Education 1998:49].

  • Skolverket. (2013). The Swedish curriculum for the Upper-secondary school [The Swedish National Agency for Education 2013]. Retrieved from www.skolverket.se.

  • SOU. (2000). En uthållig demokrati. Slutbetänkande. Statens Offentliga Utredningar 2000:1 [A sustainable democracy. Final report. The Swedish Government Official Report, 2000:1].

  • SOU. (2004). Tre vägar till den öppna högskolan. Statens Offentliga Utredningar, 2004:29 [Schools for Open High Education. The Swedish Government Official Report, 2004:29].

  • Thornberg, R. (2010). School democratic meetings: Pupil control discourse in disguise. Teaching and Teacher Education, 26, 924–932. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2009.10.033.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tobin, K., & Gallagher, J. J. (1987). The role of students in the science classroom. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 24, 1–75. doi:10.1002/tea.3660240107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Utbildningsdepartementet. (1994). Läroplaner för det obligatoriska skolväsendet och det frivilliga skolformerna. Lpo 94-Lpf 94. Ministery of Education, Curriculum for compulsory school system and voluntary school forms. Stockholm.

  • Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. M. Cole, V. John-Steiner, S. Scribner & E. Souberman (Eds. and Trans.), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

  • Wells, G. (1993). Reevaluating the IRF sequence: A proposal for the articulation of theories of activity and discourse for the analysis of teaching and learning in the classroom. Linguistics and Education, 5, 1–37. doi:10.1016/S0898-5898(05)80001-4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wertsch, J. V. (1991). Voices of the main: A sociocultural approach to mediated action. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wikström, C. (2005). Grade stability in a criterion-referenced grading system: The Swedish example. Assessment in Education, 12, 125–144. doi:10.1080/09695940500143811.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wikström, C., & Wikström, M. (2005). Grade inflation and school competition: An empirical analysis based on the Swedish upper secondary schools. Economics of Education Review, 24, 309–322. doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2004.04.010.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to María del Carmen Gómez.

Additional information

Lead Editor: Alejandro J. Gallard M.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gómez, M.C., Jakobsson, A. Everyday classroom assessment practices in science classrooms in Sweden. Cult Stud of Sci Educ 9, 825–853 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11422-014-9595-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11422-014-9595-y

Keywords

Nyckelord

Navigation