Abstract
Purpose
Urban and industrial dusts of various origins contain technogenic magnetic particles (TMPs) that exhibit ferro- or ferrimagnetic properties. Their deposition leads to topsoil magnetic susceptibility enhancement. TMPs are commonly known as carriers of many trace elements, including heavy metals, which have accumulated in the uppermost horizons of the soil profile. Soils of urban parks display a different stage of anthropogenic transformation of the soil profile as well as physical and chemical degradation. Besides TMPs deposited on the uppermost soil horizon, artifacts play a significant role in the magnetic properties of soil.
Materials and methods
Analysis of the vertical distribution of volume magnetic susceptibility (κ) values were conducted in 106 topsoil cores taken in areas of four urban parks of the Upper Silesian Conurbation. In order to examine the relationship between heavy metal concentrations and mass-specific magnetic susceptibility (χ) values, 57 soil samples from A horizons were taken for detailed analysis. Additionally, the κ and χ values of artifacts, sampled from the topsoil of the studied urban parks, were measured.
Results and discussion
Results pointed out that magnetic susceptibility enhancement in topsoil cores was significantly influenced by artifacts and translocations of topsoil horizons. In order to assess the level of anthropogenic transformation on topsoil horizons, we introduced the Topsoil Transformation Factor (TTF) on the basis of soil core magnetic susceptibility measurements. Low TTF corresponds to high positive Pearson correlation coefficients (r) between magnetic susceptibility and heavy metal contents in analyzed soil samples. TTF seems to be a promising indicator to improve soil magnetic susceptibility screening in urban and industrial areas where topsoil transformations and the presence of artifacts are common. In areas where natural sequences of the uppermost soil horizons were observed, the vertical distribution of κ value exhibits a one-peak curve, which is characteristic of TMP accumulation.
Conclusions
In human modified soils, containing artifacts, a multipeak curve of the vertical distribution of κ value is commonly observed. Magnetic susceptibility measurements of individual artifacts display a wide range of κ and χ values.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Blaha U, Appel E, Stanjek H (2008) Determination of anthropogenic boundary depth in industrially polluted soil and semi-quantification of heavy metal loads using magnetic susceptibility. Environ Pollut 156:278–289
Dedik AN, Hoffmann P, Ensling J (1992) Chemical characterization of iron in atmospheric aerosol. Atmos Environ 26A:2545–2548
Flanders PJ (1999) Identifying fly ash at a distance from fossil fuel power stations. Environ Sci Tech 33:528–532
Fürst C, Lorz C, Makeshin F (2009) Testing a soil magnetometry technique in a highly polluted industrial region in North-Eastern Germany. Water Air Soil Poll 202:33–43
Hanesch M, Scholger R (2002) Mapping of heavy metal loadings in soils by means of magnetic susceptibility measurements. Environ Geol 42:857–870
Hanesch M, Scholger R (2005) The influence of soil type on the magnetic susceptibility measured throughout soil profiles. Geophys J Int 161:50–56
Hulett LD, Weinberger AJ, Northcutt KJ, Ferguson M (1980) Chemical species in fly ash from coal-burning power plant. Science 210:1356–1358
Jordanova NV, Jordanova DV, Veneva L, Yorova K, Petrovský E (2003) Magnetic response of soils and vegetation to heavy metal pollution—a case study. Environ Sci Tech 37:4417–4424
Kalliomäki LP, Aittoniemi K, Gustafsson T, Kalliomäki K, Koponen M (1982) Research on industrial ferrous metal aerosols. Ann Occup Hyg 26:337–345
Kapička A, Petrovský E, Jordanova N (1997) Comparison of in-situ field measurements of soil magnetic susceptibility with laboratory data. Stud Geophys Geod 41:391–395
Kapička A, Petrovský E, Jordanova N, Podrázský V (2001) Magnetic parameters of forest top soils in Karkonoše Mountains, Czech Republic. Phys Chem Earth 26:917–922
Lacoanet H, Lévêque F, Segura S (1999) Magnetic susceptibility in environmental applications: comparison of field probes. Phys Earth Planet Inter 115:191–204
Lu SG, Bai SQ, Fu LX (2008) Magnetic properties as indicators of Cu and Zn contamination in soils. Pedosphere 18:479–485
Łukasik A, Strzyszcz Z (2009) Technogenic and geogenic magnetic susceptibility of mountain forest soils on example Forest Division Kamienna Góra. Arch Environ Prot 35:87–95
Magiera T, Jabłońska M, Strzyszcz Z, Rachwał M (2011) Morphological and mineralogical forms of technogenic magnetic particles in industrial dusts. Atmos Environ 45:4281–4290
Magiera T, Strzyszcz Z, Jabłonska M, Bzowska G (2010) Characterization of magnetic particulates in urban and industrial dusts. In: Brebbia CA Longhurst JWS (eds) Air pollution XVIII. Transactions on ecology and the environment, vol 136. WIT, Southampton, pp 171–184
Magiera T, Strzyszcz Z, Kapička A, Petrovský E (2006) Discrimination of lithogenic and anthropogenic influences on topsoil magnetic susceptibility in Central Europe. Geoderma 130:299–311
Magiera T, Strzyszcz Z, Rachwal M (2007) Mapping particulate pollution loads using soil magnetometry in urban forests in the Upper Silesia Industrial Region, Poland. For Ecol Manag 248:36–42
Matysek D, Raclavska H, Raclavsky K (2008) Correlation between magnetic susceptibility and heavy metal concentrations in forest soils of the Eastern Czech Republic. J Environ Eng Geophys 13:13–26
Petrovský E, Ellwood BB (1999) Magnetic monitoring of air-, land- and water-pollution. In: Maher B, Thompson R (eds) Quaternary climates, environments and magnetism. Cambridge University Press, pp 279–322
Shi R, Cioppa MT (2006) Magnetic surveys of topsoils in Windsor–Essex County, Canada. J Appl Geophys 60:201–212
Spiteri C, Kalinski V, Rösler W, Hoffman V, Appel E, MAGPROX team (2005) Magnetic screening of a pollution hotspot in Lausitz area, Eastern Germany: correlation analysis between magnetic proxies and heavy metal contamination in soils. Environ Geol 49:1–9
Strzyszcz Z (1989) Ferromagnetic properties of forest soils being under influence of industrial pollution, air pollution and forest decline. In: 14th international meeting for specialist in air pollution effects on forest ecosystems. IUFRO, Interlaken, P205, pp 201–207
Strzyszcz Z, Magiera T (1998) Magnetic susceptibility and heavy metal contamination in soils of southern Poland. Phys Chem Earth 23:1127–1131
Thompson R, Oldfield F (1986) Environmental magnetism. Allen and Unwin, London
Vassilev S, Vassileva C (1997) Geochemistry of coals, coal ashes and combustion wastes from coal-fired power stations. Fuel Processi Technol 51:19–45
FAO, IUSS, and ISRIC (2006) World reference base for soil resources. FAO, IUSS, ISRIC, Rome
Zawadzki J, Fabijańczyk P, Magiera T, Strzyszcz Z (2010) Study of litter influence on magnetic susceptibility measurements of urban forest topsoil using the MS2D sensor. Environ Earth Sci 61:223–230
Zawadzki J, Magiera T, Fabijańczyk P, Kusza G (2012) Geostatistical 3-dimensional integration of measurements of soil magnetic susceptibility. Environ Monit Assess 184:3267–3278
Acknowledgments
The authors thank reviewers who improved this manuscript and the professional Proofreading Services.com for the language corrections. This study was partially granted by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education in the National Programme for Scientific Research and Development Activities N R 14 0034 06/2009.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible editor: Richard K. Shaw
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Łukasik, A., Szuszkiewicz, M. & Magiera, T. Impact of artifacts on topsoil magnetic susceptibility enhancement in urban parks of the Upper Silesian conurbation datasets. J Soils Sediments 15, 1836–1846 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-014-0966-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-014-0966-5