Abstract
Women have a lower incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) than men at a similar age but have an increased incidence of CVD and metabolic syndrome after menopause, indicating the possible protective effects of estrogen on cardiometabolic function. Although obesity is known to increase CVD risks, its impact on the heart on estrogen deprivation is still inconclusive. We investigated the effects of obese-insulin resistance on cardiometabolic function in estrogen-deprived ovariectomized rats. Adult female ovariectomized (O) or sham (S)-operated rats randomly received either normal diet (ND, 19.77 % fat) or high-fat diet (HF, 57.60 % fat) (n = 6/group) for 12 weeks. The heart rate variability (HRV), left ventricular (LV) performance, cardiac autonomic balance, cardiac mitochondrial function, metabolic parameters, oxidative stress, and apoptotic markers were determined at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Insulin resistance developed at week 8 in NDO, HFS, and HFO rats as indicated by increased plasma insulin and HOMA index. However, only HFO rats had elevated plasma cholesterol level at week 8, whereas HFS rats had showed elevation at week 12. In addition, only HFO rats had depressed HRV, impaired LV performance indicated by decreased fractional shortening (%FS) and cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction indicated by increased mitochondrial ROS level, mitochondrial depolarization and swelling, as early as week 8, whereas other groups exhibited them at week 12. Either estrogen deprivation or obesity alone may impair metabolic parameters, cardiac autonomic balance, and LV and mitochondrial function. However, an obese insulin-resistant condition further accelerated and aggravated the development of these cardiometabolic impairments in estrogen-deprived rats.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Apaijai N, Pintana H, Chattipakorn SC, Chattipakorn N (2013) Effects of vildagliptin versus sitagliptin, on cardiac function, heart rate variability and mitochondrial function in obese insulin-resistant rats. Br J Pharmacol 169:1048–1057
Apaijai N, Chinda K, Palee S, Chattipakorn S, Chattipakorn N (2014) Combined vildagliptin and metformin exert better cardioprotection than monotherapy against ischemia-reperfusion injury in obese-insulin resistant rats. PLoS One 9:e102374
Bonithon-Kopp C, Scarabin PY, Darne B, Malmejac A, Guize L (1990) Menopause-related changes in lipoproteins and some other cardiovascular risk factors. Int J Epidemiol 19:42–48
Campos C, Casali KR, Baraldi D, Conzatti A, Araujo AS, Khaper N, Llesuy S, Rigatto K, Bello-Klein A (2014) Efficacy of a low dose of estrogen on antioxidant defenses and heart rate variability. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2014:218749
Carr MC (2003) The emergence of the metabolic syndrome with menopause. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:2404–2411
Chattipakorn N, Incharoen T, Kanlop N, Chattipakorn S (2007) Heart rate variability in myocardial infarction and heart failure. Int J Cardiol 120:289–296
Chinda K, Sanit J, Chattipakorn S, Chattipakorn N (2014) Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor reduces infarct size and preserves cardiac function via mitochondrial protection in ischaemia-reperfusion rat heart. Diab Vasc Dis Res 11:75–83
Ginsberg HN (2000) Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. J Clin Invest 106:453–458
Higashi Y, Noma K, Yoshizumi M, Kihara Y (2009) Endothelial function and oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases. Circ J 73:411–418
Karmazyn M, Purdham DM, Rajapurohitam V, Zeidan A (2008) Signalling mechanisms underlying the metabolic and other effects of adipokines on the heart. Cardiovasc Res 79:279–286
Leite RD, Prestes J, Bernardes CF, Shiguemoto GE, Pereira GB, Duarte JO, Domingos MM, Baldissera V, de Andrade Perez SE (2009) Effects of ovariectomy and resistance training on lipid content in skeletal muscle, liver, and heart; fat depots; and lipid profile. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 34:1079–1086
Marinou K, Tousoulis D, Antonopoulos AS, Stefanadi E, Stefanadis C (2010) Obesity and cardiovascular disease: from pathophysiology to risk stratification. Int J Cardiol 138:3–8
Mathers CD, Loncar D (2006) Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med 3:e442
Overbeek LI, Kapusta L, Peer PG, de Korte CL, Thijssen JM, Daniels O (2006) New reference values for echocardiographic dimensions of healthy Dutch children. Eur J Echocardiogr 7:113–121
Palee S, Weerateerangkul P, Surinkeaw S, Chattipakorn S, Chattipakorn N (2011) Effect of rosiglitazone on cardiac electrophysiology, infarct size and mitochondrial function in ischaemia and reperfusion of swine and rat heart. Exp Physiol 96:778–789
Peterson LR, Waggoner AD, Schechtman KB, Meyer T, Gropler RJ, Barzilai B, Davila-Roman VG (2004) Alterations in left ventricular structure and function in young healthy obese women: assessment by echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 43:1399–1404
Pratchayasakul W, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC (2011) Effects of estrogen in preventing neuronal insulin resistance in hippocampus of obese rats are different between genders. Life Sci 89:702–707
Pratchayasakul W, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC (2014) Estrogen restores brain insulin sensitivity in ovariectomized non-obese rats, but not in ovariectomized obese rats. Metabolism 63:851–859
Ribeiro RF Jr, Potratz FF, Pavan BM, Forechi L, Lima FL, Fiorim J, Fernandes AA, Vassallo DV, Stefanon I (2013) Carvedilol prevents ovariectomy-induced myocardial contractile dysfunction in female rat. PLoS One 8:e53226
Rivera CM, Grossardt BR, Rhodes DJ, Brown RD Jr, Roger VL, Melton LJ III, Rocca WA (2009) Increased cardiovascular mortality after early bilateral oophorectomy. Menopause 16:15–23
Semaming Y, Kumfu S, Pannangpetch P, Chattipakorn SC, Chattipakorn N (2014) Protocatechuic acid exerts a cardioprotective effect in type 1 diabetic rats. J Endocrinol 223:13–23
Vitale C, Mendelsohn ME, Rosano GM (2009) Gender differences in the cardiovascular effect of sex hormones. Nat Rev Cardiol 6:532–542
Vogel H, Mirhashemi F, Liehl B, Taugner F, Kluth O, Kluge R, Joost HG, Schurmann A (2013) Estrogen deficiency aggravates insulin resistance and induces beta-cell loss and diabetes in female New Zealand obese mice. Horm Metab Res 45:430–435
Wang D, Wang C, Wu X, Zheng W, Sandberg K, Ji H, Welch WJ, Wilcox CS (2014) Endothelial dysfunction and enhanced contractility in microvessels from ovariectomized rats: roles of oxidative stress and perivascular adipose tissue. Hypertension 63:1063–1069
Yang SG, Mlcek M, Kittnar O (2013) Estrogen can modulate menopausal women's heart rate variability. Physiol Res 62(Suppl 1):S165–S171
Ye S, Zhong H, Yanamadala S, Campese VM (2006) Oxidative stress mediates the stimulation of sympathetic nerve activity in the phenol renal injury model of hypertension. Hypertension 48:309–315
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by a NSTDA Research Chair Grant from the National Science and Technology Development Agency (NC), the Thailand Research Fund RTA5580006 (NC), BRG5780016 (SC), TRG5680018 (WP), TRG5780002 (SK), Faculty of Medicine Endowment Fund (WP), and the Chiang Mai University Center of Excellence Award (NC).
Conflict of interest
None
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
About this article
Cite this article
Sivasinprasasn, S., Sa-nguanmoo, P., Pratchayasakul, W. et al. Obese-insulin resistance accelerates and aggravates cardiometabolic disorders and cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction in estrogen-deprived female rats. AGE 37, 28 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-015-9766-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-015-9766-0