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Recent developments on the removal of zinc from electric arc furnace dust by using microwave heating

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Abstract

Electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) is a hazardous by-product of steel production. As global steel output increases, substantial amounts of EAFD are produced, which causes significant environmental issues. EAFD contains quantities of Fe and Zn, which could be reused as raw materials in the steelmaking process. However, zinc oxides can be reduced and vaporized during this process, forming zinc vapor that contaminates equipment surfaces and causes damage. Consequently, various pyrometallurgical methods have been proposed for zinc removal from EAFD. Due to the extensive usage of carbonaceous materials, these methods contribute to significant CO2, raising concerns about greenhouse gas emissions. Microwave heating offers an efficient, energy-saving, and environmentally friendly alternative to pyrometallurgical approaches. EAFD can generate heat under microwave irradiation without carbon addition, which means the CO2 emissions can be reduced by replacing the reductant in the microwave heating process. Furthermore, microwaves enhance zinc removal reactions to a certain extent, resulting in higher efficiency. Thus, employing microwave heating for EAFD processing has significant potential for future development. This paper reviews recent research on using microwave heating for zinc removal from EAFD, focusing on the heating behavior of EAFD in microwaves and the mechanisms of zinc removal. This review will be crucial for researchers working on processing EAFD using microwave heating and could help guide the development of more sustainable and efficient methods.

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All data sources used in this review have been obtained from publicly available sources. No confidential data has been collected or used in this research.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Mr. Tommi Kokkonen and Mr. Riku Mattila for their help with the experimental work. Besides, author Y.X., is grateful for the meeting with He Zhu of CCNU on June 16, 2023.

Funding

This work was supported by the China Scholarship Council under grant No. (202106890046), the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant No. (51974182), Program for Professor of Special Appointment (Eastern Scholar) at Shanghai Institutions of Higher Learning under grant No. (TP2015039), National 111 Project (The Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to University), under grant No. (D17002), Independent Research Project of State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Ferrometallurgy, Shanghai University (SKLASS 2022-Z01), and the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality under grant No. (19DZ2270200), and China Baowu Low Carbon Metallurgy Innovation Foundation-BWLCF202112. Authors thanks the funding from Academy of Finland, grant number (349833).

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  1. State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Ferrometallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Rd, Shanghai, 200444, China

    Yuandong Xiong, Kai Wang, Dejin Qiu, Ying Li, Shiyu Wei, Inam Ullah Khan, Dengwei Zhang, Abdallah Ahmed & Yaowei Yu

  2. Process Metallurgy Research Group, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

    Mamdouh Omran

  3. Guizhou Province Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Engineering and Energy Process Saving, School of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China

    Run Huang

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Contributions

Y.X., and Y.Y., contributed to the study conception and design. Y.X., Y.L., and S.W., contributed to material preparation. Y.X., I.U., and D.Z., collected the main data, and analysis were performed by Y.X., K.W., and D.Q. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Y.X. Y.Y., O.M., and R.H. commented on previous versions of the manuscript. Y.X., and A.A., modified the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Yaowei Yu.

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Xiong, Y., Wang, K., Qiu, D. et al. Recent developments on the removal of zinc from electric arc furnace dust by using microwave heating. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 16274–16290 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32235-y

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