Abstract
The synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is usually based on expensive methods that use or generate chemicals that can negatively impact the environment. Our study presents a simple one-step synthesis process for obtaining AgNP using an aqueous extract of Amazonian fruit açai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) as the reducing and stabilizing agents. The bio-synthesized AgNP (bio-AgNP) were comprehensively characterized by diverse techniques, and as a result, 20-nm spherical particles (transmission electron microscopy) were obtained. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) confirmed the presence of crystalline AgNP, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) suggested that polyphenolic compounds of açaí were present on the surface. The bio-AgNP showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii. In Caenorhabditis elegans exposed to 10 μg/L bio-AgNP for 96 h, there were no significant effects on growth, reproduction, or reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration; however, there was an increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) enzymatic activity. In contrast, when worms were exposed to chemically synthesized AgNP (PVP-AgNP), an increase in ROS, SOD, and GST activity and a reduction in oxidative stress resistance were observed. In conclusion, our study not only showcased the potential of açaí in the simple and rapid production of AgNP but also highlighted the broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity of the synthesized nanoparticles using our protocol. Moreover, our findings revealed that these AgNPs exhibited reduced toxicity to C. elegans at environmentally realistic concentrations compared with PVP-AgNP.
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This study was financed in part by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Brazil (grant number 131192/2018–3) and the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Brazil (CAPES) (through the scholarships of A. J. T. Huisa (master’s degree) and M. E. Josende (doctorate degree). J. M. Monserrat is a research fellow of CNPq (process number PQ 308539/2016–8). We also would like to thank the Centro de Microscopia Eletrônica da Zona Sul (CEME-SUL) of the Universidad Federal do Rio Grande (FURG) for the microscopy analyses and Williane Dos Santos for the technical support for the spectroscopy characterization of the samples. Last but not least, the logistic and technical assistance of Laboratory NanoSul (CNPq, process 442576/2019–6; www.nanosul.furg.br) is acknowledged. We dedicate this study in memory of PhD Josencler Luis Ribas Ferreira, a technician in our laboratory, a valued colleague, and a dear friend. May you rest in peace.
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Andy Joel Taipe Huisa: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, and writing original draft preparation and editing. Marcelo Estrella Josende: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, and writing review and editing. Marcos A. Gelesky: methodology, investigation, writing review and editing. Daniela Ramos: methodology, investigation, and writing review and editing. Gerardo López: resources and writing review and editing. Fabiano Bernardi: methodology, investigation, and writing review and editing. José M. Monserrat: conceptualization, methodology, supervision, funding acquisition, and writing review and editing.
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Taipe Huisa, A.J., Estrella Josende, M., Gelesky, M.A. et al. Açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) green synthesis of silver nanoparticles: antimicrobial efficacy and ecotoxicological assessment. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 12005–12018 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-31949-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-31949-3