Abstract
Benzotriazole UV stabilizers (BUVs) are a group of industrial chemicals used in various consumer products and industrial applications. Due to its large-scale production and use, BUVs have been detected in all environmental matrices. Humans are exposed to BUVs from environmental media, food, personal care products (PCPs), and consumer products. As a result, BUVs are detected in human breast milk, attracting researchers and regulatory bodies worldwide. BUVs such as UV-328 exhibit the characteristics of persistent organic pollutants (POPs); hence, it has been recently listed under Stockholm Convention POP list. The current review focuses on the occurrence of BUVs in the environment with emphasis on persistency, bioaccumulation, and toxicity (PBT). Scarcity of scientific data on BUVs’ properties, environmental occurrence, exposure levels, and effects on organisms poses significant challenges to the policymakers and regulatory bodies in adopting management strategies. The need for a science-based integrated framework for risk assessment and management of BUVs is recommended. Considering the potential threat of BUVs to human health and the environment, it is recommended that BUVs should be taken as a subject of priority research. Studies on the degradation and transformation route of BUVs need to be explored for the sound management of BUVs.
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All the data referred in this paper have been extracted from peer-reviewed journals available in public domain.
Abbreviations
- BAF:
-
Bioaccumulation factor
- BCF:
-
Bioconcentration factor
- BUVs:
-
Benzotriazole UV stabilizers
- CAGR:
-
Compound annual growth rate
- CoCAP:
-
Cooperative Chemical Assessment Program
- DT50 :
-
Dissipation time half-life
- dw:
-
Dry weight
- EAWAG-BBD:
-
EAWAG Biocatalysis/Biodegradation Database
- ECHA:
-
European Chemicals Agency
- ESIPT:
-
Excited-state intramolecular proton transfer
- GPx:
-
Glutathione peroxidase
- HPV:
-
High production volume
- IUPAC:
-
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- K m :
-
Metabolic rate constant
- K OC :
-
Organic carbon–water partition coefficient; it estimates the mobility of a substance in soil
- K OW :
-
Octanol/water partition coefficient (log value), a relative indicator of the tendency of an organic compound to be adsorbed to soil and living organism
- LC-MS/MS:
-
Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
- LRT:
-
Long-range transport
- lw:
-
Lipid weight
- ND:
-
Not detected
- OECD:
-
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
- PBDEs:
-
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers
- PBT:
-
Persistency, bioaccumulation, and toxicity
- PCPs:
-
Personal care products
- POPs:
-
Persistent organic pollutants
- REACH:
-
Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- SC:
-
Stockholm Convention
- SPE:
-
Solid-phase extraction
- SPIN:
-
Substances in Products in the Nordic countries
- SVHC:
-
Substances of very high concern
- TOFMS:
-
Time-of-flight mass spectrometry
- UM-PPS:
-
University of Minnesota Pathway Prediction System
- USA:
-
United Sates of America
- USEPA:
-
United States Environmental Protection Agency
- UV:
-
Ultraviolet
- UV-320:
-
2-Benzotriazol-2-yl-4,6-di-tert-butylphenol, CAS 3846-71-7
- UV-326:
-
2-tert-Butyl-6-(5-chlorobenzotriazol-2-yl)-4-methylphenol, CAS 3896-11-5
- UV-327:
-
2,4-Di-tert-butyl-6-(5-chlorobenzotriazol-2-yl)phenol, CAS 3864-99-1
- UV-328:
-
2-(2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-ditertpentylphenol, CAS 25973-55-1
- UV-329:
-
2-(Benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-(2,4,4-trimethylpentan-2-yl)phenol, CAS 3147-75-9
- UV-P:
-
Phenolic benzotriazole UV stabilizer, CAS 2440-22-4
- ww:
-
Wet weight
- WWTPs:
-
Wastewater treatment plants
- w/w:
-
Weight by weight
- ∑:
-
Sum
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Khare, ., Jadhao, P., Vaidya, A.N. et al. Benzotriazole UV stabilizers (BUVs) as an emerging contaminant of concern: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 121370–121392 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30567-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30567-9