Abstract
Addressing global environmental concerns requires the widespread adoption of renewable energy sources. More research is needed to examine the relationships between renewable energy (RE) and globalization, economic growth, and environmental quality in Indonesia. Therefore, we examined how renewable energy usage in Indonesia has changed due to the dynamic effects of globalization, financial development, and environmental quality. Time-series data were analyzed using an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model to test for cointegration and long-run/short-run dynamics between 1990 and 2020. In addition to ARDL bounds testing, we used the Johansen and Engle-Granger cointegration methods for confirmation. Globalization, financial progress, human capital, greenhouse gas emissions, and economic expansion have favorable long- and short-term effects on renewable energy sources. Globalization has enabled Indonesia to expand trade, FDI, and financial investment. It has also increased energy-efficient technology use due to environmental policies. The computed results are robust enough to substitute estimators, such as dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS), fully modified least squares (FMOLS), and canonical cointegrating regression (CCR). We recommend the implementation of policies that support financial and environmental development by utilizing renewable resources and increasing investments in renewable energy ventures.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The data were obtained from the World Bank Development Indicators (data.worldbank.org).
References
Akadiri SS, Adebayo TS, Nakorji M, Mwakapwa W, Inusa EM, Izuchukwu OO (2022) Impacts of globalization and energy consumption on environmental degradation: what is the way to achieve environmental sustainability targets in Nigeria? Environ Sci Pollut Res 29:60426–60439
Alsagr N, van Hemmen S (2021) The impact of financial development and geopolitical risk on renewable energy consumption: evidence from emerging markets. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 28:25906–25919. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12447-2
Anton SG, Afloarei Nucu AEA (2020) The effect of financial development on renewable energy consumption. A panel data approach. Renew Energy 147:330–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.09.005
Asongu SA, Iheonu CO, Odo KO (2019) The conditional relationship between renewable energy and environmental quality in sub-Saharan Africa. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 26:36993–37000. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06846-9
Azam A, Rafiq M, Shafique M, Yuan J (2021) An empirical analysis of the non-linear effects of natural gas, nuclear energy, renewable energy, and ICT-Trade in leading CO2 emitter countries: policy towards CO2 mitigation and economic sustainability. J Environ Manage 286:112232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112232
Azam A, Rafiq M, Shafique M, Yuan J (2022) Towards achieving environmental sustainability: the role of nuclear energy, renewable energy, and ICT in the top-five carbon emitting countries. Front Energy Res 9:804706. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2021.804706
Bedi AS, Sparrow R, Tasciotti L (2017) The impact of a household biogas programme on energy use and expenditure in East Java. Energy Econ 68:66–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2017.09.006
Begum RA, Raihan A, Said MNM (2020) Dynamic impacts of economic growth and forested area on carbon dioxide emissions in Malaysia. Sustainability 12:9375. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229375
Bekun FV (2022) Mitigating emissions in India: accounting for the role of real income, renewable energy consumption and investment in energy. IJEEP 12:188–192. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.12652
Bekun FV, Gyamfi BA, Onifade ST, Agboola MO (2021) Beyond the environmental Kuznets curve in E7 economies: accounting for the combined impacts of institutional quality and renewables. J Cleaner Prod 314:127924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127924
Bridle R, Gass P, Halimajaya A, Lontoh L, McCulloch N, Petrofsky E, Sanchez L (2018) Missing the 23 per cent target: Roadblocks to the development of renewable energy in Indonesia, IISD. Canada. Retrieved from https://policycommons.net/artifacts/614366/missing-the-23-per-cent-target/1594638/ on 24 Oct 2023. CID: 20.500.12592/8d0wq9.
Burke PJ, Widnyana J, Anjum Z, Aisbett E, Resosudarmo B, Baldwin KG (2019) Overcoming barriers to solar and wind energy adoption in two Asian giants: India and Indonesia. Energy Policy 132:1216–1228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.05.055
Chien F, Hsu CC, Ozturk I, Sharif A, Sadiq M (2022) The role of renewable energy and urbanization towards greenhouse gas emission in top Asian countries: evidence from advance panel estimations. Renew Energy 186:207–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.12.118
Cobb CW, Douglas PH (1928) A theory of production. Am Econ Rev 18:139–165
Cornot-Gandolphe S (2017) Indonesia's electricity demand and the coal sector: export or meet domestic demand? Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. https://doi.org/10.26889/9781784670795
Dickey DA, Fuller WA (1979) Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. J Am Stat Assoc 74:427–431. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1979.10482531
Dobrotkova Z, Surana K, Audinet P (2018) The price of solar energy: Comparing competitive auctions for utility-scale solar PV in developing countries. Energy Policy 118:133–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.03.036
Doytch N, Narayan S (2016) Does FDI influence renewable energy consumption? An analysis of sectoral FDI impact on renewable and non-renewable industrial energy consumption. Energy Econ 54:291–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2015.12.010
Dreher A (2006) Does globalization affect growth? Evidence from a new index of globalization. Appl Econ 38:1091–1110. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840500392078
Elliott G, Rothenberg TJ, Stock JH (1992) Efficient tests for an autoregressive unit root. National Bureau of Economic Research
Engle RF, Granger CW (1987) Cointegration and error correction: representation, estimation, and testing. Econ J Econ Soc:251–276
Erdiwansyah E, Mahidin M, Husin H, Nasaruddin N, Khairil K, Zaki M, Jalaluddin J (2021) Investigation of availability, demand, targets, and development of renewable energy in 2017–2050: a case study in Indonesia. Int J Coal Sci Technol 8:483–499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40789-020-00391-4
Eren BM, Taspinar N, Gokmenoglu KK (2019) The impact of financial development and economic growth on renewable energy consumption: empirical analysis of India. Sci Total Environ 663:189–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.323
Esquivias MA, Sugiharti L, Rohmawati H, Rojas O, Sethi N (2022) Nexus between technological innovation, renewable energy, and human capital on the environmentalsustainability in emerging Asian economies: a panel quantile regression approach. Energies 15(7):2451. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072451
Felipe J, Adams DG (2005) “A theory of production” the estimation of the cobb-douglas function: A retrospective view. East Econ J 31(3):427–445. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40326423
Ghazouani T (2022) The dynamic impact of globalization on renewable energy consumption: non-parametric modeling evidence. Technol Forecasting Soc Change 185:122115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.122115
Ghazouani T, Boukhatem J, Yan Sam CY (2020) Causal interactions between trade openness, renewable electricity consumption, and economic growth in Asia-Pacific countries: fresh evidence from a bootstrap ARDL approach. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 133:110094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110094
Gozgor G, Mahalik MK, Demir E, Padhan H (2020) The impact of economic globalization on renewable energy in the OECD countries. Energy Policy 139:111365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111365
Halim RA (2023) Boosting intermodal rail for decarbonizing freight transport on Java, Indonesia: A model-based policy impact assessment. Res Transp Bus Manag 48:100909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2022.100909
Hassan ST, Batool B, Sadiq M, Zhu B (2022c) How do green energy investment, economic policy uncertainty, and natural resources affect greenhouse gas emissions? A Markov-switching equilibrium approach. Environ Impact Assess Rev 97:106887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2022.106887
Hassan ST, Batool B, Wang P, Zhu B, Sadiq M (2023) Impact of economic complexity index, globalization, and nuclear energy consumption on ecological footprint: first insights in OECD context. Energy 263:125628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.125628
Hassan ST, Batool B, Zhu B, Khan I (2022b) Environmental complexity of globalization, education, and income inequalities: new insights of energy poverty. J Cleaner Prod 340:130735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130735
Hassan ST, Danish SUD, Khan SU, Xia E, Fatima H (2020) Role of institutions in correcting environmental pollution: an empirical investigation. Sustain Cities Soc 53:101901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101901
Hassan ST, Khan D, Zhu B, Batool B (2022a) Does public service transportation increase environmental contamination in China? The role of nuclear energy consumption and technological change. Energy 238:121890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121890
Ike GN, Usman O, Alola AA, Sarkodie SA (2020) Environmental quality effects of income, energy prices and trade: the role of renewable energy consumption in G-7 countries. Sci Total Environ 721:137813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137813
Indriana I, Ismail NA, Rahmat SR (2022) The effect of agriculture, manufacturing and transportation on environmental quality in indonesian selected provinces. J Sustain Sci Manag 17(2):187–204. https://doi.org/10.46754/jssm.2022.02.014
Johansen S, Juselius K (1990) Maximum likelihood estimation and inference on cointegration--with applications to the demand for money. Oxf Bull Econ Stat 52:169–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1990.mp52002003.x
Khan A, Chenggang Y, Hussain J, Kui Z (2021) Impact of technological innovation, financial development and foreign direct investment on renewable energy, non-renewable energy and the environment in belt & Road Initiative countries. Renew Energy 171:479–491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.02.075
Khan Z, Malik MY, Latif K, Jiao Z (2020) Heterogeneous effect of eco-innovation and human capital on renewable & non-renewable energy consumption: disaggregate analysis for G-7 countries. Energy 209:118405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.118405
Kibona CA, Yuejie Z, Tian L (2023) Factors that influence beef meat production in Tanzania. A Cobb-Douglas production function estimation approach. Plos One 17(8):e0272812. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272812
Koondhar MA, Shahbaz M, Ozturk I, Randhawa AA, Kong R (2021) Revisiting the relationship between carbon emission, renewable energy consumption, forestry, and agricultural financial development for China. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 28:45459–45473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13606-1
Leitão NC, Balsalobre-Lorente D, Cantos-Cantos JM (2021) The impact of renewable energy and economic complexity on carbon emissions in BRICS countries under the EKC scheme. Energies 14:4908. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14164908
Li J, Zhang X, Ali S, Khan Z (2020) Eco-innovation and energy productivity: new determinants of renewable energy consumption. J Environ Manage 271:111028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111028
MacKinnon JG (1996) Numerical distribution functions for unit root and cointegration tests. J. Appl. Econ 11(6):601–618. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1255(199611)11:6%3c601::AID-JAE417%3e3.0.CO;2-T
Majumder SC, Voumik LC, Rahman MH, Rahman MM, Hossain MN (2023) A quantile regression analysis of the impact of electricity production sources on CO2 emission in South Asian countries. Strateg Plan Energy Environ 31:307–330. https://doi.org/10.13052/spee1048-5236.4223
Massagony A, Budiono (2023) Is the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis valid on CO2 emissions in Indonesia? Int J Environ Stud 80(1):20–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2022.2029097
Meeusen W, van Den Broeck J (1977) Efficiency estimation from Cobb-Douglas production functions with composed error. Int Econ Rev 435–444:2525757
Meleddu M, Pulina M (2023) The effect of human capital on the renewable energy sector: energy consumption and generation in Italy. Available at SSRN 4374737. SSRN Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4374737
Mukhtarov S, Yüksel S, Dinçer H (2022) The impact of financial development on renewable energy consumption: evidence from Turkey. Renew Energy 187:169–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.01.061
Nan S, Huang J, Wu J, Li C (2022) Does globalization change the renewable energy consumption and CO2 emissions nexus for OECD countries? New evidence based on the non-linear PSTR model. Energy Strategy Rev 44:100995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2022.100995
Ordonez JA, Fritz M, Eckstein J (2022) Coal vs. renewables: Least-cost optimization of the Indonesian power sector. Energy Sustain Dev 68:350–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2022.04.017
Ozcan B, Danish TM, Temiz M (2022) An empirical investigation between renewable energy consumption, globalization, and human capital: a dynamic auto-regressive distributive lag simulation. Renew Energy 193:195–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.05.016
Padhan H, Padhang PC, Tiwari AK, Ahmed R, Hammoudeh S (2020) Renewable energy consumption and robust globalization (s) in OECD countries: do oil, carbon emissions, and economic activity matter? Energy Strategy Rev 32(32):100535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2020.100535
Panjaitan TWS, Dargusch P, Wadley D (2018) Carbon management in an emissions-intensive industry in a developing economy: Cement manufacturing in Indonesia. Case Study in Environment 2(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1525/cse.2017.000976
Park JY (1992) Canonical cointegrating regressions. Econometrica 60:119–143. https://doi.org/10.2307/2951679
Pesaran MH, Shin Y, Smith RJ (2001) Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. J Appl Econ 16:289–326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
Phillips PCB, Hansen BE (1990) Statistical inference in instrumental variables regression with I (1) processes. Rev Econ Stud 57:99–125. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297545
Phillips PCB, Perron P (1988) Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika 75:335–346. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/75.2.335
Pirmana V, Alisjahbana AS, Yusuf AA, Hoekstra R, Tukker A (2021) Environmental costs assessment for improved environmental-economic account for Indonesia. Journal of Cleaner Production 280:124521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124521
Rahman MH, Voumik LC, Islam MJ, Halim MA, Esquivias MA (2022) Economic growth, energy mix, and tourism-induced EKC hypothesis: evidence from top ten tourist destinations. Sustainability 14:16328. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142416328
Raihan A (2023) An econometric evaluation of the effects of economic growth, energy use, and agricultural value added on carbon dioxide emissions in Vietnam. Asia Pac J Reg Sci 7:665–696. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41685-023-00278-7
Raihan A, Begum RA, Nizam M, Said M, Pereira JJ (2022a) Dynamic impacts of energy use, agricultural land expansion, and deforestation on CO2 emissions in Malaysia. Environ Ecol Stat 29:477–507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10651-022-00532-9
Raihan A, Begum RA, Said MNM, Pereira JJ (2022b) Relationship between economic growth, renewable energy use, technological innovation, and carbon emission towards achieving Malaysia’s Paris Agreement. Environ Syst Decis 42:586–607. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-022-09848-0
Raihan A, Muhtasim DA, Farhana S, Pavel MI, Faruk O, Rahman M, Mahmood A (2022c) Nexus between carbon emissions, economic growth, renewable energy use, urbanization, industrialization, technological innovation, and forest area towards achieving environmental sustainability in Bangladesh. Energy Clim Change 3:100080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egycc.2022.100080
Raihan A, Muhtasim DA, Farhana S, Rahman M, Hasan MAU, Paul A, Faruk O (2023a) Dynamic linkages between environmental factors and carbon emissions in Thailand. Environ Processes 10:5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40710-023-00618-x
Raihan A, Pavel MI, Muhtasim DA, Farhana S, Faruk O, Paul A (2023b) The role of renewable energy use, technological innovation, and forest cover toward green development: evidence from Indonesia. Innov Green Dev 2:100035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.igd.2023.100035
Raihan A, Tuspekova A (2022a) The nexus between economic growth, renewable energy use, agricultural land expansion, and carbon emissions: new insights from Peru. Energy Nexus 6:100067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2022.100067
Raihan A, Tuspekova A (2022b) Toward a sustainable environment: nexus between economic growth, renewable energy use, forested area, and carbon emissions in Malaysia. Resour Conserv Recy Adv 15:200096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcradv.2022.200096
Raihan A, Tuspekova A (2023) Towards net zero emissions by 2050: the role of renewable energy, technological innovations, and forests in New Zealand. JESCAE 2:1–16. https://doi.org/10.56556/jescae.v2i1.422
Raihan A, Voumik LC (2022) Carbon emission dynamics in India are due to financial development, renewable energy utilization, technological innovation, economic growth, and urbanization. J Environ Sci Econ 1:36–50. https://doi.org/10.56556/jescae.v1i4.412
Raza SA, Shah N, Qureshi MA, Qaiser S, Ali R, Ahmed F (2020) Non-linear threshold effect of financial development on renewable energy consumption: evidence from panel smooth transition regression approach. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 27:32034–32047. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09520-7
Reyseliani N, Hidayatno A, Purwanto WW (2022) Implication of the Paris agreement target on Indonesia electricity sector transition to 2050 using TIMES model. Energy Policy 169:113184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2022.113184
Ridzuan AR, Fianto BA, Padilla MAE, Kumaran VV, Shaari MS, Albani A (2022) Do financial development and trade liberalization influence environmental quality in Indonesia?: evidence-based on ARDL model. Int J Energy Econ Policy 12(5):342–351. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.13494
Rudenko D, Tanasov G (2022) The determinants of energy intensity in Indonesia. Int J Emerg Markets 17:832–857. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-01-2020-0048
Sadiq M, Shinwari R, Wen F, Usman M, Hassan ST, Taghizadeh-Hesary F (2023) Do globalization and nuclear energy intensify the environmental costs in top nuclear energy-consuming countries? Prog Nucl Energy 156:104533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2022.104533
Sahoo M, Sethi N, Padilla MAE (2023) Unpacking the dynamics of information and communication technology, control of corruption and sustainability in green development in developing economies: New evidence. Renewable Energy 216:119088. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.119088
Samour A, Baskaya MM, Tursoy T (2022) The impact of financial development and FDI on renewable energy in the UAE: a path towards sustainable development. Sustainability 14:1208. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031208
Shaari MS, Esquivias MA, Ridzuan AR, Fadzilah Zainal N, Sugiharti L (2022) The impacts of corruption and environmental degradation on foreign direct investment: New evidence from the ASEAN+ 3 countries. Cogent Econ Finance 10(1):2124734. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2022.2124734
Shahbaz M, Shahzad SJH, Alam S, Apergis N (2018) Globalisation, economic growth and energy consumption in the BRICS region: the importance of asymmetries. J Int Trade Econ Dev 27:985–1009. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2018.1481991
Shahbaz M, Sinha A, Raghutla C, Vo XV (2022) Decomposing scale and technique effects of financial development and foreign direct investment on renewable energy consumption. Energy 238:121758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121758
Shahzadi I, Yaseen MR, Iqbal Khan MT, Amjad Makhdum MS, Ali Q (2022) The nexus between research and development, renewable energy and environmental quality: evidence from developed and developing countries. Renew Energy 190:1089–1099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.10.050
Sharif A, Mishra S, Sinha A, Jiao Z, Shahbaz M, Afshan S (2020) The renewable energy consumption-environmental degradation nexus in top-10 polluted countries: fresh insights from quantile-on-quantile regression approach. Renew Energy 150:670–690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.12.149
Singh AK, Narayanan KGS, Sharma P (2017) Effect of climatic factors on cash crop farming in India: An application of Cobb-Douglas production function model. Int J Agric Resour Gov Ecol 13(2):175–210. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJARGE.2017.086452
Stock JH, Watson MW (1993) A simple estimator of cointegrating vectors in higher-order integrated systems. Econometrica 61:783–820. https://doi.org/10.2307/2951763
Subramaniam Y, Masron TA (2021) The impact of economic globalization on biofuel in developing countries. Energy Convers Manag X 10:100064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2020.100064
Suroso DSA, Setiawan B, Pradono P, Iskandar ZS, Hastari MA (2022) Revisiting the role of international climate finance (ICF) towards achieving the nationally determined contribution (NDC) target: a case study of the Indonesian energy sector. Environ Sci Policy 131:188–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2022.01.022
Udemba EN, Philip LD (2022) Policy insight from renewable energy, foreign direct investment (FDI), and urbanization towards climate goal: insight from Indonesia. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 29:54492–54506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19599-9
Urom C, Abid I, Guesmi K, Ndubuisi G (2022) Renewable energy consumption, globalization, and economic growth shocks: evidence from G7 countries. J Int Trade Econ Dev 31:204–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2021.1961845
Voumik LC, Hossain MS, Islam MA, Rahaman A (2022) Power generation sources and carbon dioxide emissions in BRICS countries: static and dynamic panel regression. Strateg Plan. Energy Environ:401–424. https://doi.org/10.13052/spee1048-5236.4143
Vural G (2021) Analyzing the impacts of economic growth, pollution, technological innovation, and trade on renewable energy production in selected Latin American countries. Renew Energy 171:210–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.02.072
Waheed R, Chang D, Sarwar S, Chen W (2018) Forest, agriculture, renewable energy, and CO2 emission. J Cleaner Prod 172:4231–4238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.287
Wang Q, Hu S, Ge Y, Li R (2023) Impact of eco-innovation and financial efficiency on renewable energy–evidence from OECD countries. Renew Energy 217:119232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.119232
Wichmann B, Wichmann R (2020) Nonparametric estimation of a primary care production function in urban Brazil. Heal Econ Rev 10(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-020-00294-9
World B (2023) Data series by the World Bank Group. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators. World Development Indicators (WDI). The World Bank, Washington, DC
Yana S, Nizar M, Mulyati D (2022) Biomass waste as a renewable energy in developing bio-based economies in Indonesia: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 160:112268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112268
Yi S, Raghutla C, Chittedi KR, Fareed Z (2023) How do economic policy uncertainty and financial development contribute to renewable energy consumption? The importance of economic globalization. Renew Energy 202:1357–1367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.11.089
Zhang Y, Su L, Jin W, Yang Y (2022) The impact of globalization on renewable energy development in the countries along the Belt and Road is based on the moderating effect of the digital economy. Sustainability 14:6031. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106031
Zhongwei H, Liu Y (2022) The role of eco-innovations, trade openness, and human capital in sustainable renewable energy consumption: evidence using CS-ARDL approach. Renew Energy 201:131–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.10.039
Zhou A, Li J (2022) How do trade liberalization and human capital affect renewable energy consumption? Evidence from the panel threshold model. Renew Energy 184:332–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.11.096
Funding
This research was partially supported by the Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia (no research grant number available).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the conception and design of this study. Asif Raihan and Liton Chandra Voumik performed material preparation, data collection, and analysis. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Md Hasanur Rahman and Miguel Angel Esquivias, and all authors commented on the previous versions of the manuscript. All the authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Its publication has been approved by all co-authors.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: lhan Ozturk
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Raihan, A., Voumik, L.C., Rahman, M.H. et al. Unraveling the interplay between globalization, financial development, economic growth, greenhouse gases, human capital, and renewable energy uptake in Indonesia: multiple econometric approaches. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 119117–119133 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30552-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30552-2