Abstract
Pesticides, synthetic fragrances and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contaminated two glacier-fed streams (Amola, Mandrone) and one spring (Grostè) in the Italian Alps. Ten compounds (chlorpyrifos (CPY), chlorpyrifos-methyl (CPY-m), galaxolide (HHCB), tonalide (AHTN), fluorene (Flu), phenanthrene (Phen), anthracene (Ant), fluoranthene (Fl), pyrene (Pyr), benzo[a]anthracene (BaA)) accumulated in aquatic larvae of chironomids (Diamesa steinboecki, D. latitarsis, D. bertrami, D. tonsa, D. zernyi, Pseudokiefferiella parva, Orthocladiinae) and tipulids. Their tissue concentrations (detected by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry) ranged from 1.1 ± 0.1 ng/g d.w. (= dry weight) (CPY-m in D. tonsa from Amola) to 68.0 ± 9.1 ng/g d.w. (Pyr in D. steinboecki from Mandrone). HHCB, AHTN, and CPY, with one exception, were accumulated by all aquatic insects. Six compounds (CPY, CPY-m, HHCB, AHTN, Fl, Pyr) also contaminated carabids (Nebria germarii, N. castanea, N. jockischii) predating adults of merolimnic insects. Their tissue concentrations ranged from 1.1 ± 0.3 ng/g d.w. (CPY-m in N. germarii from Mandrone) to 84.6 ± 0.3 ng/g d.w. (HHCB in N. castanea from Grostè). HHCB and AHTN were accumulated by all Nebria species. Intersite and interspecies differences were observed, which might be attributed to different environmental contamination levels. There was a stronger similarity between species from the same site than among the same species from different sites, suggesting that uptake is not species specific. At all sites, the concentration of xenobiotics was higher in larvae than in water and comparable or higher in carabids than in larvae from the same site, suggesting trophic transfer by emerging aquatic insects to their riparian predators.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
The data presented in this study (if not included in the Supplementary Material) are available on request from the corresponding author.
References
Aikins DM, Mehler WT, Veilleux HD, Zhang Y, Goss GG (2023) The acute and chronic effects of a sediment-bound synthetic musk, galaxolide, on Hyalella azteca, Chironomus dilutus, and Lumbriculus variegatus. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 84:227–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-023-00978-3
Baxter CV, Fausch KD, Saunders WC (2005) Tangled webs: reciprocal flows of invertebrate prey link streams and riparian zones. Freshw Biol 50:201–220. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2004.01328.x
Bednarska AJ, Portka I, Kramarz PE, Laskowski R (2009) Combined effect of environmental pollutants (nickel, chlorpyrifos) and temperature on the ground beetle, Pterostichus oblongopunctatus (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Toxicol Environ Chem 28:864–872. https://doi.org/10.1897/08-286R.1
Bernhardt ES, Rosi EJ, Gessner MO (2017) Synthetic chemicals as agents of global change. Front Ecol Environ 15(2):84–90. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1450
Bizzotto EC, Villa S, Vighi M (2009) POP bioaccumulation in macroinvertebrates of alpine freshwater systems. Environ Pollut 157(12):3192–3198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.06.001
Boeckli L, Brenning A, Gruber S, Noetzli J (2012) Permafrost distribution in the European Alps: calculation and evaluation of an index map and summary statistics. Cryosphere 6:807–820. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-807-2012
Bogdal C, Schmid P, Zennegg M, Anselmetti FS, Scheringer M, Hungerbühler K (2009) Blast from the past: melting glaciers as a relevant source for persistent organic pollutants. Environ Sci Technol 43(21):8173–8177. https://doi.org/10.1021/es901628x
Carlsson G, Örn S, Andersson PL, Söderström H, Norrgren L (2000) The impact of musk ketone on reproduction in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Mar Environ Res 50(1–5):237–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0141-1136(00)00075-1
Carrera G, Fernandez P, Vilanova RM, Grimalt JO (2001) Persistent organic pollutants in snow from European high mountain areas. Atmos Environ 35:245–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00201-6
Chae H, Kwon BR, Lee S, Moon HB, Choi K (2023) Adverse thyroid hormone and behavioral alterations induced by three frequently used synthetic musk compounds in embryo-larval zebrafish (Danio rerio). Chemosphere 324:138273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138273
Chapman PM (2016) Toxicity delayed in cold freshwaters? J Great Lakes Res 42:286–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2015.03.018
Chételat J, Amyot M, Cloutier L, Poulain A (2008) Metamorphosis in chironomids, more than mercury supply, controls methylmercury transfer to fish in high Arctic lakes. Environ Sci Technol 42(24):9110–9115. https://doi.org/10.1021/es801619h
Corbett JR (1974) The biochemical mode of action of pesticides. Academic Press, London, UK, Academic Press Inc. (London) Ltd., 24–28 Oval Road, London NW1
Cristol DA, Brasso RL, Condon AM, Fovargue RE, Friedman SL, Hallinger KK, Monroe AP, White AE (2008) The movement of aquatic mercury through terrestrial food webs. Science 320:335–335. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.11540
Daly GL, Wania F (2005) Organic contaminants in mountains. Environ Sci Technol 39:385–398. https://doi.org/10.1021/es048859u
Di Nica V, González ABM, Lencioni V, Villa S (2020) Behavioural and biochemical alterations by chlorpyrifos in aquatic insects: an emerging environmental concern for pristine Alpine habitats. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:30918–30926. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06467-2
Dickman M, Brindle I, Benson M (1992) Evidence of teratogens in sediments of the Niagara River watershed as reflected by chironomid (Diptera: Chironomidae) deformities. J Great Lakes Res 18(3):467–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(92)71312-4
EUR-Lex - 32021D0592 (2021) Council Decision (EU) 2021/592 of 7 April 2021 on the submission, on behalf of the European Union, of a proposal for the listing of chlorpyrifos in Annex A to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/IT/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32021D0592. Accessed 13 Oct 2022
European Commission (EC) (2009) Regulation No 1107/2009 of 21 October 2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market and repealing Council Directives 79/117/EEC and 91/414/EEC. Orkesterjournalen L 309:1–50
Fairchild WL, Muir DCG (1992) Emerging insects as a biotic pathway for movement of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran from lake sediments. Environ Toxicol Chem 11:867–872. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620110614
Ferrario C, Finizio A, Villa S (2017) Legacy and emerging contaminants in meltwater of three Alpine glaciers. Sci Total Environ 574:350–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.067
Finizio A, Villa S, Raffaele F, Vighi M (2006) Variation of POP concentrations in fresh-fallen snow and air on an Alpine glacier (Monte Rosa). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 63(1):25–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.05.004
Fletcher DE, Lindell AH, Stankus PT, Fulghum CM, Spivey EA (2022) Species- and element-specific patterns of metal flux from contaminated wetlands versus metals shed with exuviae in emerging dragonflies. Environ Pollut 300:118976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118976
Gabrieli J, Decet F, Luchetta A, Valt M, Pastore P, Barbante C (2010) Occurrence of PAH in the seasonal snowpack of the Eastern Italian Alps. Environ Pollut 158:3130–3137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.06.042
Gao L, Qiao H, Wei P, Moussian B, Wang Y (2022) Xenobiotic responses in insects. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 109(3):e21869. https://doi.org/10.1002/arch.21869
Gobas FAPC, Morrison HA (2000) Bioconcentration and biomagnification in the aquatic environment. In: Boethling RS, Mackay D (eds) Handbook of property estimation methods for chemicals. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp 189–231
Gobbi M (2020) Global warning: challenges, threats and opportunities for ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in high altitude habitats. Acta Zool Acad Sci Hung 66(Suppl.):5–20. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2011.06804
Gobbi M, Ambrosini R, Casarotto C, Diolaiuti G, Ficetola GF, Lencioni V, Seppi R, Smiraglia C, Tampucci D, Valle B, Caccianiga M (2021) Vanishing permanent glaciers: climate change is threatening a European Union habitat (Code 8340) and its poorly known biodiversity. Biodivers Conserv 30:2267–2276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-021-02185-9
Gobbi M, Lencioni V (2020) Glacial biodiversity: lessons from ground-dwelling and aquatic insects. Glaciers and Polar Environment. In: Kanao M, Godone D, Dematteis N, Dodone D. IntechOpen, Rijeka, Croatia, pp 1–23
Gospodarek J, Petryszak P (2019) The effect of soil pollution by oil derivatives on Harpalus rufipes Deg. (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Pol J Environ Stud 28(6):4163–4170
Grannas AM, Bogdal C, Hageman KJ, Halsall C, Harner T, Hung H, Kallenborn R, Klán P, Klánová J, Macdonald RW, Meyer T, Wania F (2013) The role of the global cryosphere in the fate of organic contaminants. Atmos Chem Phys 13:3271–3305. https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-16923-2012
Grisoni F, Consonni V, Vighi M, Villa S, Todeschini R (2016) Investigating the mechanisms of bioconcentration through QSAR classification trees. Environ Int 88:198–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.12.024
Guzzella L, Salerno F, Freppaz M, Roscioli C, Pisanello F, Poma G (2016) POP and PAH contamination in the southern slopes of Mt. Everest (Himalaya, Nepal): long-range atmospheric transport, glacier shrinkage, or local impact of tourism? Sci Total Environ 544:382–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.118
Hågvar S, Pedersen A (2015) Food choice of invertebrates during early glacier foreland succession. Arct Antarct Alp Res 47:561–572. https://doi.org/10.1657/AAAR0014-046
Hågvar S, Ohlson M, Brittain JE (2016) A melting glacier feeds aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates with ancient carbon and supports early succession. Arct Antarct Alp Res 48:551–562. https://doi.org/10.1657/AAAR0016-027
Hammer Ø, Harper DA, Ryan PD (2001) PAST: paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontol Electron 4(1):9
Hotaling S, Finn DS, Giersch JJ, Weisrock DW, Jacobsen D (2017) Climate change and alpine stream biology: progress, challenges, and opportunities for the future. Biol Rev 92:2024–2045. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12319
Katagi T (2010) Bioconcentration, bioaccumulation, and metabolism of pesticides in aquatic organisms. In: Whitacre D (ed) Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology, vol 204. Springer, New York, pp 1–132
Katagi T, Tanaka H (2016) Metabolism, bioaccumulation, and toxicity of pesticides in aquatic insect larvae. J Pest Sci 41(2):25–37. https://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.D15-064
Katayama A, Bhula R, Burns GR, Carazo E, Felsot A, Hamilton D, Harris C, Kim YH, Kleter G, Koedel W, Linders J, Peijnenburg JG, Sabljic A, Stephenson RG, Racke DK, Rubin B, Tanaka K, Unsworth J, Wauchope RD (2010) Bioavailability of xenobiotics in the soil environment. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 203:1–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1352-4_1
Kelly BC, Ikonomou MG, Blair JD, Morin AE, Gobas FA (2007) Food web specific biomagnification of persistent organic pollutants. Science 317(5835):236–239. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1138275
Kirchgeorg T, Dreyer A, Gabrielli P, Gabrieli J, Thompson L, Barbante C, Ebinghaus R (2016) Seasonal accumulation of persistent organic pollutants on a high altitude glacier in the Eastern Alps. Environ Pollut 218:804–812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.004
Koivula MJ (2011) Useful model organisms, indicators, or both? Ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) reflecting environmental conditions. ZooKeys 100:287–317. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.100.1533
Kraus JM, Wesner JS, Walters DM (2021) Insect-mediated contaminant flux at the land-water interface: are ecological subsidies driving exposure or is exposure driving subsidies? Environ Toxicol Chem 40(11):2953–2958. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5203
Larsson P (1984) Transport of PCBs from aquatic to terrestrial environments by emerging chironomids. Environ Pollut a, Ecol Biol 34(3):283–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/0143-1471(84)90123-5
Ledoux G, Roux P (2005) Nebria (Coleoptera, Nebriidae): Faune mondiale. Société Linnéenne de Lyon, Bossuet, Lyon
Lencioni V (2018) Glacial influence and stream macroinvertebrate biodiversity under climate change: lessons from the Southern Alps. Sci Total Environ 622:563–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.266
Lencioni V, Gobbi M (2021) Monitoring and conservation of cryophilous biodiversity: concerns when working with insect populations in vanishing glacial habitats. Insect Conserv Divers 14:723–729. https://doi.org/10.1111/icad.12522
Lencioni V, Bellamoli F, Bernabò P, Miari F, Scotti A (2018) Response of Diamesa spp. (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Alpine streams to emerging contaminants and pesticides. J Limnol 77:131–140. https://doi.org/10.4081/jlimnol.2018.1802
Lencioni V, Di Nica V, Villa S (2021) Investigation of the combined effects of rising temperature and pesticide contamination on the swimming behaviour of Alpine chironomids. Water 13:3618. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13243618
Li Q, Wang N, Wu X, Pu J, He J, Zhang C (2011) Sources and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of different glaciers over the Tibetan Plateau. Sci China Earth Sci 54:1189–1198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-010-4047-3
Malaj E, Von Der Ohe PC, Grote M, Kühne R et al (2014) Organic chemicals jeopardize the health of freshwater ecosystems on the continental scale. PNAS 111(26):9549–9554. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1321082111
McDonough CA, Helm PA, Muir D, Puggioni G, Lohmann R (2016) Polycyclic musks in the air and water of the Lower Great Lakes: spatial distribution and volatilization from surface waters. Environ Sci Technol 50:11575–11583. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b03657
Menzie C-A (1980) Potential significance of insects in the removal of contaminants from aquatic systems. Water Air Soil Pollut 13:473–479. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02191848
Miner KR, Blais J, Bogdal C, Villa S, Schwikowski M, Pavlova P, Steinlin C, Gerbi C, Kreutz KJ (2017) Legacy organochlorine pollutants in glacial watersheds: a review. Environ Sci Process Impacts 19(12):1474–1483. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7em00393e
Miner KR, Bogdal C, Pavlova P, Steinlin C, Kreutz KJ (2018) Quantitative screening level assessment of human risk from PCBs released in glacial meltwater: Silvretta Glacier, Swiss Alps. Ecotoxicol Environl Saf 166:251–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.09.066
Miner KR, Kreutz KJ, Jain S et al (2019) A screening-level approach to quantifying risk from glacial release of organochlorine pollutants in the Alaskan Arctic. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 29:293–301. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-018-0100-7
Morselli M, Semplice M, Villa S, Di Guardo A (2014) Evaluating the temporal variability of concentrations of POPs in a glacier-fed stream food chain using a combined modeling approach. Sci Total Environ 493:571–579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.150
Muñiz-González A-B, Paoli F, Martínez-Guitarte J-L, Lencioni V (2021) Molecular biomarkers as tool for early warning by chlorpyrifos exposure on Alpine chironomids. Environ Pollut 290:118061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118061
Paetzold A, Schubert CJ, Tockner K (2005) Aquatic terrestrial linkages along a braided-river: riparian arthropods feeding on aquatic insects. Ecosystems 8:748–759. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-005-0004-y
Pawlak F, Koziol K, Polkowska Z (2021) Chemical hazard in glacial melt? The glacial system as a secondary source of POPs (in the Northern Hemisphere). A Systematic Review Sci Total Environ 778:145244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145244
Peters AJ, Gregor DJ, Teixeira CF, Jones NP, Spencer C (1995) The recent depositional trend of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and elemental carbon to the Agassiz Ice Cap, Ellesmere Island, Canada. Sci Total Environ 160–161:167–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(95)04354-4
Pinder LCV (1986) Biology of freshwater Chironomidae. Annu Rev Entomol 31(1):1–23. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.en.31.010186.000245
Reinhold JO, Hendriks AJ, Slager LK, Ohm M (1999) Transfer of microcontaminants from sediment to chironomids, and the risk for the Pond bat Myotis dasycneme (Chiroptera) preying on them. Aquat Ecol 33:363–376. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009958028204
Richmond EK, Rosi EJ, Walters DM et al (2018) A diverse suite of pharmaceuticals contaminates stream and riparian food webs. Nat Commun 9(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06822-w
Rizzi C, Finizio A, Maggi V, Villa S (2019) Spatial-temporal analysis and risk characterisation of pesticides in Alpine glacial streams. Environ Pollut 248:659–666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.067
Rizzi C, Villa S, Rossini L, Mustoni A, Lencioni V (2022) Levels and ecological risk of selected organic pollutants in the high-altitude alpine cryosphere - the Adamello-Brenta Natural Park (Italy) as a case study. Environ Adv 7:100178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2022.100178
Rizzi C, Villa S, Waichman AV, de Souza Nunes GS, de Oliveira R, Vighi M, Rico A (2023) Occurrence, sources, and ecological risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Amazon river. Chemosphere 336:139285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139285
Roodt AP, Röder N, Pietz S et al (2022) Emerging midges transport pesticides from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems: importance of compound-and organism-specific parameters. Environ Sci Technol 56(9):5478–5488. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c08079
Rossaro B, Lencioni V (2015) A key to larvae of species belonging to the genus Diamesa from Alps and Apennines (Italy). Eur J Environ Sci 5:62–79
Seppi R, Carton A, Zumiani M, Dall’Amico M, Zampedri G, Rigon R (2012) Inventory, distribution and topographic features of rock glaciers in the southern region of the Eastern Italian Alps (Trentino). Geog Fis Dinam Quater 35:185–197
Sint D, Kaufmann R, Mayer R, Traugott M (2019) Resolving the predator first paradox: arthropod predator food webs in pioneer sites of glacier forelands. Mol Ecol 28(2):336–347. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.14839
Sneath PH, Sokal RR (1973) Numerical taxonomy: the principles and practice of numerical classification. WH Freeman, San Francisco
Sullivan SMP, Rodewald AD (2012) In a state of flux: the energetic pathways that move contaminants from aquatic to terrestrial environments. Environ Toxicol Chem 31(6):1175–1183. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.1842
Terzić S, Senta I, Ahel M, Gros M, Petrović M, Barcelo D, Müller J, Knepper T, Martí I, Ventura F, Jovančić P, Jabučar D (2008) Occurrence and fate of emerging wastewater contaminants in Western Balkan Region. Sci Total Environ 399(1–3):66–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.03.003
Timmermans KR, Walker PA (1989) The fate of trace metals during the metamorphosis of chironomids (Diptera, Chironomidae). Environ Pollut 62(1):73–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(89)90097-3
Trenti F, Sandron T, Guella G, Lencioni V (2022) Insect cold-tolerance and lipidome: membrane lipid composition of two chironomid species differently adapted to cold. Cryobiology 106:84–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2022.03.004
Tsui MTK, Blum JD, Kwon SY et al (2012) Sources and transfers of methylmercury in adjacent river and forest food webs. Environ Sci Technol 46:10957–10964. https://doi.org/10.1021/es3019836
Van Toor RF (2006) The effects of pesticides on Carabidae (Insecta: Coleoptera), predators of slugs (Mollusca: Gastropoda): literature review. N Z Plant Prot 59:208. https://doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2006.59.4543
Vecchiato M (2023) Fragrances in remote areas. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Springer, Heidelberg
Vignet C, Larcher T, Davail B et al (2016) Fish reproduction is disrupted upon lifelong exposure to environmental PAHs fractions revealing different modes of action. Toxics 4(4):26. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics4040026
Villa S, Maggi V, Negrelli C, Finizio A, Bolzacchini E, Vighi M (2001) Historical profile of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in an Alpine Glacier. Fresenius Environ Bull 10:711–716
Villa S, Negrelli C, Maggi V, Finizio A, Vighi M (2006) Analysis of a firn core for assessing POP seasonal accumulation on an Alpine glacier. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 63(1):17–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.05.006
Villa S, Vighi M, Finizio A (2014) Theoretical and experimental evidence of medium range atmospheric transport processes of polycyclic musk fragrances. Sci Total Environ 481:27–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.017
Villa S, Migliorati S, Monti GS, Holoubek I, Vighi M (2017) Risk of POP mixtures on the Arctic food chain. Environ Toxicol Chem 36(5):1181–1192. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.3671
Villa S, Di Nica V, Pescatore T, Bellamoli F, Miari F, Finizio A, Lencioni V (2018) Comparison of the behavioural effects of pharmaceuticals and pesticides on Diamesa zernyi larvae (Chironomidae). Environ Pollut 238:130–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.029
Walters DM, Fritz KM, Otter RR (2008) The dark side of subsidies: adult stream insects export organic contaminants to riparian predators. Ecol Appl 18:1835–1841. https://doi.org/10.1890/08-0354.1
Walters DM, Mills MA, Fritz KM, Raikow DF (2010) Spider-mediated flux of PCBs from contaminated sediments to terrestrial ecosystems and potential risks to arachnivorous birds. Environ Sci Technol 44:2849–2856. https://doi.org/10.1021/es9023139
Wieczorek MV, Kötter D, Gergs R, Schulz R (2015) Using stable isotope analysis in stream mesocosms to study potential effects of environmental chemicals on aquatic-terrestrial subsidies. Environ Science Pollut Res 22(17):12892–12901. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4071-0
Wildi E, Nagel R, Steinberg CE (1994) Effects of pH on the bioconcentration of pyrene in the larval midge. Chironomus Riparius Water Res 28(12):2553–2559. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(94)90073-6
Wiles JA, Jepson PC (1993a) The dietary toxicity of deltamethrin to the carabid, Nebria brevicollis (F.). Pest Sci 38:329–334. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.2780380408
Wiles JA, Jepson PC (1993) Predicting the short-term toxicity of deltamethrin to Nebria brevicollis (F.) (Coeloptera: Carabidae) in a temperate cereal crop. Sci Total Environ 134(2):823–831. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(05)80088-9
Zar JH (1984) Biostatistical analysis, 2nd edn. Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs
Acknowledgements
Special thanks to Alessandra Franceschini, Francesca Paoli, Marina Serena Borgatti, and Daniele Debiasi (MUSE-Science Museum of Trento, Italy) for their support in chironomid and carabid sampling.
Funding
The research was co-funded by the Adamello Brenta Natural Park (Italy) within the project CATENA (Valutazione della contaminazione da pesticidi e cosmetici delle acque di fusione glaciale e rischi per l’entomofauna criofila nel Parco Naturale Adamello-Brenta/Assessment of pesticide and cosmetic contamination of glacial meltwater and risks to cryophilic entomofauna in the Adamello-Brenta Nature Park; 2019–2022; CIG code: Z4F261B768, Rep. N. 282; MTSN-0007568–18/09/2019-P).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
VL: conceptualization, supervision, project administration, funding acquisition, chironomid sampling and identification, data analysis, writing first draft, and writing—reviewing and editing; CR: water and larval sample processing; MG: carabid sampling and identification; AM: conceptualization and funding; and SV: conceptualization, supervision, project administration, methodology, and writing—reviewing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate and publish
The CATENA project’s studies were performed by the Science Museum of Trento (Italy), the University of Milano Bicocca (Italy), and the Natural Park Adamello-Brenta (Italy). Before examinations, all that participated in the project CATENA (Valutazione della contaminazione da pesticidi e cosmetici delle acque di fusione glaciale e rischi per l’entomofauna criofila nel Parco Naturale Adamello-Brenta/Assessment of pesticide and cosmetic contamination of glacial meltwater and risks to cryophilic entomofauna in the Adamello-Brenta Nature Park; 2019–2022; CIG code: Z4F261B768, Rep. N. 282; MTSN-0007568–18/09/2019-P) provided written informed consent to participate and publish results.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Giovanni Benelli
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Lencioni, V., Rizzi, C., Gobbi, M. et al. Glacier foreland insect uptake synthetic compounds: an emerging environmental concern. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 113859–113873 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30387-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30387-x