Abstract
Tidal flat areas are important resources for land development and are becoming antibiotic resistance receivers that trigger major health concerns. The spatial distributions of forty-nine antibiotics, nine antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), one mobile gene element (MGE) gene, and nine available metals in the soils and sediments along the coastlines of the Yellow Sea in China were quantified. Hierarchical linear model analysis was used to explore relationships between the antibiotics and ARGs across multiple effects resulting from human activities and environmental factors. Fish farm sediments and farmland soils showed high levels of quinolones (QNs) (maximum 637 ng·g−1), sulfonamides (SAs) (maximum 221 ng·g−1), and corresponding ARGs. Significant positive correlations (P from 5.47 × 10−14 to 0.0487) were observed between the antibiotics (QNs, SAs, and chlortetracycline) and their corresponding ARGs (qnrA, qnrD, aac(6')-Ib-cr, dfrA, sul2, and tetA), indicating the selective pressure from antibiotics in soils and sediments. Nine available metals had positive correlations with at least one ARG, indicating heavy metal pollution could enhance the ARGs. Sheep and poultry husbandry and marine aquaculture contribute the most to the antibiotic resistance in the coastlines. In conclusion, antibiotic pollutions have promoting effects at sub-inhibitory concentrations and more attention should be given to inhibit the enrichment of ARGs during tidal flat reclamation processes. The study also suggests the induction effects from metal pollutions, MGE spread, and the antibiotic pollutions from the usage in livestock and aquaculture.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The data that support the findings of this study are openly available on request.
Abbreviations
- ARG:
-
Antibiotic resistance gene
- TFR:
-
Tidal flat reclamation
- QRG:
-
Quinolone resistance gene
- SRG:
-
Sulfonamide resistance gene
- TRG:
-
Tetracycline resistance gene
- MGE:
-
Mobile genetic element
- HGT:
-
Horizontal gene transfer
- ꞵLs:
-
β-Lactams
- MLs:
-
Macrolides
- SAs:
-
Sulfonamides
- QNs:
-
Quinolones
- TCs:
-
Tetracyclines
- LNs:
-
Lincosamides
- ACs:
-
Aminoglycosides
References
Andersson DI, Hughes D (2012) Evolution of antibiotic resistance at non-lethal drug concentrations. Drug Resist Updates 15:162–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drup.2012.03.005
Awad YM, Kim S-C, El-Azeem SAMA, Kim K-H, Kim K-R, Kim K, Jeon C, Lee SS, Ok YS (2014) Veterinary antibiotics contamination in water, sediment, and soil near a swine manure composting facility. Environ Earth Sci 71:1433–1440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2548-z
Bao GY, Huang H, Gao YN, Wang DB (2017) Study on driving mechanisms of land use change in the coastal area of Jiangsu, China. J Coast Res 79:104–108. https://doi.org/10.2112/si79-022.1
Bengtsson-Palme J, Larsson DGJ (2016) Concentrations of antibiotics predicted to select for resistant bacteria: Proposed limits for environmental regulation. Environ Int 86:140–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.10.015
Bergeron S, Boopathy R, Nathaniel R, Corbin A, LaFleur G (2015) Presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes in raw source water and treated drinking water. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 102:370–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2015.04.017
Blair JMA, Webber MA, Baylay AJ, Ogbolu DO, Piddock LJV (2015) Molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. Nat Rev Microbiol 13:42–51. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro3380
Bombaywala S, Dafale NA, Jha V, Bajaj A, Purohit HJ (2020) Study of indiscriminate distribution of restrained antimicrobial resistome of different environmental niches. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:10780–10790. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11318-6. ((2021))
Briones RM, Sarmah AK, Padhye LP (2016) A global perspective on the use, occurrence, fate and effects of anti-diabetic drug metformin in natural and engineered ecosystems. Environ Pollut 219:1007–1020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.040
Cadena M, Durso LM, Miller DN, Waldrip HM, Castleberry BL, Drijber RA, Wortmann C (2018) Tetracycline and sulfonamide antibiotic resistance genes in soils from nebraska organic farming operations. Front Microbiol 9:1283. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01283
Cao Z, Wang L, Yang L, Yu J, Lv J, Meng M, Li G (2020) Heavy metal pollution and the risk from tidal flat reclamation in coastal areas of Jiangsu, China. Mar Pollut Bull 158:111427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111427
Chen C, Li J, Chen P, Ding R, Zhang P, Li X (2014) Occurrence of antibiotics and antibiotic resistances in soils from wastewater irrigation areas in Beijing and Tianjin, China. Environ Pollut 193:94–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.06.005
Chen J, Zhang Z, Lei Z, Shimizu K, Yao P, Su Z, Wen D (2020) Occurrence and distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in the coastal sediments of effluent-receiving areas of WWTPs. China Bioresour Technol Rep 11:100511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2020.100511
Chen Y, Li G, Cui L, Li L, He L, Ma P (2022) The effects of tidal flat reclamation on the stability of the coastal area in the Jiangsu Province, China, from the perspective of landscape structure. Land 11:421. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11030421
China EPA (2016) Determination of available soil eight kinds of elements diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid extraction – inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry. HJ 804–2016. https://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/fgbz/bz/bzwb/jcffbz/201606/t20160630_356526.shtml. Accessed 1 Aug 2016
Dafale NA, Srivastava S, Purohit HJ (2020) Zoonosis: an emerging link to antibiotic resistance under “one health approach.” Indian J Microbiol 60:139–152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-020-00860-z
Das S, Bombaywala S, Srivastava S, Kapley A, Dhodapkar R, Dafale NA (2022) Genome plasticity as a paradigm of antibiotic resistance spread in ESKAPE pathogens. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29:40507–40519. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19840-5
Elsaidy N, Abouelenien F, Kirrella GAK (2015) Impact of using raw or fermented manure as fish feed on microbial quality of water and fish. Egypt J Aquat Res 41:93–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2015.01.002
Ghaly TM, Geoghegan JL, Tetu SG, Gillings MR (2020) The peril and promise of integrons: beyond antibiotic resistance. Trends Microbiol 28:455–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2019.12.002
Gillings MR, Gaze WH, Pruden A, Smalla K, Tiedje JM, Zhu Y-G (2015) Using the class 1 integron-integrase gene as a proxy for anthropogenic pollution. ISME J 9:1269–1279. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2014.226
Gomes MP, Gonçalves CA, de Brito JCM, Souza AM, da Silva Cruz FV, Bicalho EM, Figueredo CC, Garcia QS (2017) Ciprofloxacin induces oxidative stress in duckweed (Lemna minor L.): implications for energy metabolism and antibiotic-uptake ability. J Hazard Mater 328:140–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.01.005
Gorecki A, Decewicz P, Dziurzynski M, Janeczko A, Drewniak L, Dziewit L (2019) Literature–based, manually–curated database of PCR primers for the detection of antibiotic resistance genes in various environments. Water Res 161:211–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.06.009
Ho YB, Zakaria MP, Latif PA, Saari N (2014) Occurrence of veterinary antibiotics and progesterone in broiler manure and agricultural soil in Malaysia. Sci Total Environ 488–489:261–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.109
Insam H, Gómez-Brandón M, Ascher J (2015) Manure-based biogas fermentation residues – friend or foe of soil fertility? Soil Biol Biochem 84:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.02.006
Kemper N (2008) Veterinary antibiotics in the aquatic and terrestrial environment. Ecol Indic 8:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2007.06.002
Knapp CW, McCluskey SM, Singh BK, Campbell CD, Hudson G, Graham DW (2011) Antibiotic resistance gene abundances correlate with metal and geochemical conditions in archived scottish soils. PLoS One 6:e27300. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0027300
Knapp CW, Callan AC, Aitken B, Shearn R, Koenders A, Hinwood A (2017) Relationship between antibiotic resistance genes and metals in residential soil samples from Western Australia. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:2484–2494. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7997-y
Le Page G, Gunnarsson L, Snape J, Tyler CR (2017) Integrating human and environmental health in antibiotic risk assessment: A critical analysis of protection goals, species sensitivity and antimicrobial resistance. Environ Int 109:155–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2017.09.013
Li Y-W, Wu X-L, Mo C-H, Tai Y-P, Huang X-P, Xiang L (2011) Investigation of sulfonamide, tetracycline, and quinolone antibiotics in vegetable farmland soil in the pearl river delta area, Southern China. J Agric Food Chem 59:7268–7276. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf1047578
Li C, Chen J, Wang J, Ma Z, Han P, Luan Y, Lu A (2015) Occurrence of antibiotics in soils and manures from greenhouse vegetable production bases of Beijing, China and an associated risk assessment. Sci Total Environ 521–522:101–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.070
Li F, Chen L, Chen W, Bao Y, Zheng Y, Huang B, Mu Q, Wen D, Feng C (2020) Antibiotics in coastal water and sediments of the East China Sea: distribution, ecological risk assessment and indicators screening. Mar Pollut Bull 151:110810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110810
Liang X, Chen B, Nie X, Shi Z, Huang X, Li X (2013) The distribution and partitioning of common antibiotics in water and sediment of the Pearl River Estuary, South China. Chemosphere 92:1410–1416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.03.044
Lu J, Zhang Y, Wu J, Wang J, Zhang C, Wu J (2022) Fate of land-based antibiotic resistance genes in marginal-sea sediment: territorial differentiation and corresponding drivers. Chemosphere 288:132540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132540
Lv J, Wang Y (2018) Multi-scale analysis of heavy metals sources in soils of Jiangsu Coast, Eastern China. Chemosphere 212:964–973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.155
Lv J, Zhang L, Chen Y, Ye B, Han J, Jin N (2019) Occurrence and distribution of pharmaceuticals in raw, finished, and drinking water from seven large river basins in China. J Water Health 17:477–489. https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2019.250
Lyu J, Yang L, Zhang L, Ye B, Wang L (2020) Antibiotics in soil and water in China–a systematic review and source analysis. Environ Pollut 266:115147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115147
Ma J, Cui Y, Li A, Zou X, Ma C, Chen Z (2022) Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes from wastewater treated in constructed wetlands. Ecol Eng 177:106548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2022.106548
Maeda Y, Kiba A, Ohnishi K, Hikichi Y (2004) New method to detect oxolinic acid-resistant Burkholderia glumae infesting rice seeds using a mismatch amplification mutation assay polymerase chain reaction. J Gen Plant Pathol 70:215–217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327-003-0114-3
Murray NJ, Phinn SR, DeWitt M, Ferrari R, Johnston R, Lyons MB, Clinton N, Thau D, Fuller RA (2019) The global distribution and trajectory of tidal flats. Nature 565:222–225. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0805-8
Nguyen CC, Hugie CN, Kile ML, Navab-Daneshmand T (2019) Association between heavy metals and antibiotic-resistant human pathogens in environmental reservoirs: a review. Front Environ Sci Eng 13:46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-019-1129-0
Nnadozie CF, Odume ON (2019) Freshwater environments as reservoirs of antibiotic resistant bacteria and their role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes. Environ Pollut 254:113067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113067
Ohore OE, Addo FG, Zhang S, Han N, Anim-Larbi K (2019) Distribution and relationship between antimicrobial resistance genes and heavy metals in surface sediments of Taihu Lake, China. J Environ Sci 77:323–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2018.09.004
Pan M, Chu LM (2018) Occurrence of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in soils from wastewater irrigation areas in the Pearl River Delta region, southern China. Sci Total Environ 624:145–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.008
Partridge SR, Kwong SM, Firth N, Jensen SO (2018) Mobile genetic elements associated with antimicrobial resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 31:e00088-e117. https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00088-17
Pavlović DM, Ćurković L, Blažek D, Župan J (2014) The sorption of sulfamethazine on soil samples: isotherms and error analysis. Sci Total Environ 497–498:543–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.018
Qiao M, Ying G-G, Singer AC, Zhu Y-G (2018) Review of antibiotic resistance in China and its environment. Environ Int 110:160–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2017.10.016
Riaz L, Mahmood T, Khalid A, Rashid A, Siddique MBA, Kamal A, Coyne MS (2018) Fluoroquinolones (FQs) in the environment: a review on their abundance, sorption and toxicity in soil. Chemosphere 191:704–720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.092
Rodriguez-Mozaz S, Chamorro S, Marti E, Huerta B, Gros M, Sànchez-Melsió A, Borrego CM, Barceló D, Balcázar JL (2015) Occurrence of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in hospital and urban wastewaters and their impact on the receiving river. Water Res 69:234–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.11.021
Sandegren L (2019) Low sub-minimal inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics generate new types of resistance. Sustain Chem Pharm 11:46–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2018.12.006
Seyoum MM, Obayomi O, Bernstein N, Williams CF, Gillor O (2021) Occurrence and distribution of antibiotics and corresponding antibiotic resistance genes in different soil types irrigated with treated wastewater. Sci Total Environ 782:146835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146835
Shi H, Yang Y, Liu M, Yan C, Yue H, Zhou J (2014) Occurrence and distribution of antibiotics in the surface sediments of the Yangtze Estuary and nearby coastal areas. Mar Pollut Bull 83:317–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.04.034
Shi W, Liu Y, Li J, Zhang H, Shi R, Chen J, Li H (2020) Distribution pattern of antibiotic resistance genes and bacterial community in agricultural soil samples of Wuliangsuhai watershed. China Agric Ecosyst Environ 295:106884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2020.106884
Siedlewicz G, Białk-Bielińska A, Borecka M, Winogradow A, Stepnowski P, Pazdro K (2018) Presence, concentrations and risk assessment of selected antibiotic residues in sediments and near-bottom waters collected from the Polish coastal zone in the southern Baltic Sea — summary of 3 years of studies. Mar Pollut Bull 129:787–801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.10.075
Singh JS, Gupta VK (2018) Soil microbial biomass: a key soil driver in management of ecosystem functioning. Sci Total Environ 634:497–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.373
Smith SD, Colgan P, Yang F, Rieke EL, Soupir ML, Moorman TB, Allen HK, Howe A (2019) Investigating the dispersal of antibiotic resistance associated genes from manure application to soil and drainage waters in simulated agricultural farmland systems. PLoS One 14:e0222470. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222470
Subirats J, Timoner X, Sànchez-Melsió A, Balcázar JL, Acuña V, Sabater S, Borrego CM (2018) Emerging contaminants and nutrients synergistically affect the spread of class 1 integron-integrase (intI1) and sul1 genes within stable streambed bacterial communities. Water Res 138:77–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.03.025
Sun J, Zeng Q, Tsang DCW, Zhu LZ, Li XD (2017) Antibiotics in the agricultural soils from the Yangtze River Delta, China. Chemosphere 189:301–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.040
Tang X, Lou C, Wang S et al (2015) Effects of long-term manure applications on the occurrence of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in paddy soils: evidence from four field experiments in south of China. Soil Biol Biochem 90:179–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.07.027
Tasho RP, Cho JY (2016) Veterinary antibiotics in animal waste, its distribution in soil and uptake by plants: a review. Sci Total Environ 563–564:366–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.140
Tedeschi LO, Gorocica-Buenfil MA (2018) An assessment of the effectiveness of virginiamycin on liver abscess incidence and growth performance in feedlot cattle: a comprehensive statistical analysis. J Anim Sci 96:2474–2489. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/sky121
Tian B, Wu W, Yang Z, Zhou Y (2016) Drivers, trends, and potential impacts of long-term coastal reclamation in China from 1985 to 2010. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 170:83–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2016.01.006
Trouchon T, Lefebvre S (2016) A review of enrofloxacin for veterinary use. Open J Vet Med 6:40–58. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojvm.2016.62006
United Nations Environment Programme (2017) Antimicrobial resistance from environmental pollution among biggest emerging health threats, says UN Environment. UN Environment Programme. https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/press-release/antimicrobial-resistance-environmental-pollution-among-biggest. Accessed 05 December 2017
Van Boeckel TP, Brower C, Gilbert M, Grenfell BT, Levin SA, Robinson TP, Teillant A, Laxminarayan R (2015) Global trends in antimicrobial use in food animals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112:5649–5654. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1503141112
Walsh TR, Weeks J, Livermore DM, Toleman MA (2011) Dissemination of NDM-1 positive bacteria in the New Delhi environment and its implications for human health: an environmental point prevalence study. Lancet Infect Dis 11:355–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(11)70059-7
Wang X, Lan B, Fei H, Wang S, Zhu G (2021) Heavy metal could drive co-selection of antibiotic resistance in terrestrial subsurface soils. J Hazard Mater 411:124848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124848
Wu N, Zhang W, Xie S, Zeng M, Liu H, Yang J, Liu X, Yang F (2020) Increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes in manured agricultural soils in northern China. Front Environ Sci Eng 14:1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-019-1180-x
Yang J-F, Ying G-G, Zhao J-L, Tao R, Su H-C, Chen F (2010) Simultaneous determination of four classes of antibiotics in sediments of the Pearl Rivers using RRLC–MS/MS. Sci Total Environ 408:3424–3432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.03.049
Yashi L, Mingyao D, Zhiqing H, Qi L, Meiling P, Xiaoyao F, Yunfei L, Changhua S, Zujun L (2022) Antimicrobic resistance genes horizontal transfer in soil under sub-inhibitory concentrations of antimicrobics. Acta Ecol Sin 42:529–541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2021.12.006
Zeng Q, Sun J, Zhu L (2019) Occurrence and distribution of antibiotics and resistance genes in greenhouse and open-field agricultural soils in China. Chemosphere 224:900–909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.167
Zhang Y, Lu J, Wu J, Wang J, Lin Y (2020) Occurrence and distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in sediments in a semi-enclosed continental shelf sea. Sci Total Environ 720:137712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137712
Zhang R, Yang S, An Y, Wang Y, Lei Y, Song L (2022) Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in landfills: a review. Sci Total Environ 806:150647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150647
Zhao Z, Wang J, Han Y, Chen J, Liu G, Lu H, Yan B, Chen S (2017) Nutrients, heavy metals and microbial communities co-driven distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in adjacent environment of mariculture. Environ Pollut 220:909–918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.075
Zhao F, Chen L, Yang L, Li S, Sun L, Yu X (2018) Distribution, dynamics and determinants of antibiotics in soils in a peri-urban area of Yangtze River Delta, Eastern China. Chemosphere 211:261–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.162
Zheng D, Yin G, Liu M, Chen C, Jiang Y, Hou L, Zheng Y (2021) A systematic review of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in estuarine and coastal environments. Sci Total Environ 777:146009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146009
Zhou L-J, Ying G-G, Zhao J-L, Yang J-F, Wang L, Yang B, Liu S (2011) Trends in the occurrence of human and veterinary antibiotics in the sediments of the Yellow River, Hai River and Liao River in northern China. Environ Pollut 159:1877–1885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.03.034
Zhu T, Chen T, Cao Z, Zhong S, Wen X, Mi J, Ma B, Zou Y, Zhang N, Liao X, Wang Y, Wu Y (2021) Antibiotic resistance genes in layer farms and their correlation with environmental samples. Poult Sci 100:101485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2021.101485
Funding
This work was supported by the Science and Technology Project of Beautiful China Ecological Civilization Construction [No. XDA23100400], the National Natural Science Foundation of China [42007414], the Young Elite Scientist Sponsorship Program of Beijing Association for Science and Technology [2020‒2022], and the National Key R&D Program of China [No. 2018YFC0407502].
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
LY and JL performed the experiments, analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript. LW and LZ designed the study and supervised the experiments. ZC, JY, MM, and MT participated in the investigation and sampling.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This work did not report on or involved the use of any animal or human data or tissue.
Consent for publication
All the authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Robert Duran
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Yang, L., Lyu, J., Zhang, L. et al. Spatial distribution of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in tidal flat reclamation areas in China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 112863–112876 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30087-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30087-6